Lectures 8, 9, 10 and 11: Blood Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
Body Fluids
A
blood and ISF (60% of body)
1/3 of that is ECF
80% Interstital fluid and 20% plasma
2
Q
Hematology
A
study of blood and blood disorderw
3
Q
blood composition
A
plasma (yellowish, 91.5% water, 8.5% solutes)
fromed elements
4
Q
Blood Plasma
A
more than 90% water
makes up 55% of blood
about 7% plasma proteins (made in liver)
5
Q
Albumins
A
maintain osmotic pressuer
if dec, conce change, dec ability to get water tto end of caps
can be taken from blood for energy in starvation
6
Q
Blood Doping
A
injecting previously stored RBCs to self before atheletic event (most of plama removed first) so you can get more O2 Dnagerous *inc blood viscosity *forces heart to work harder
7
Q
Globulins
A
antibodies that bind to forgieners (antigens)
8
Q
Blood Serum
A
plasma w/o fibringin and other clotting factors
give this to people so we dont worry about causing clots
9
Q
Hematocrit Ranges
A
38-46% W
40-50% Male
10
Q
Polycythemia
A
too many RBCs
dehydration, tissue hypoxia, blood doping
11
Q
Platelets
A
Thrombocytes clotting irregular shape can send stickiness messages 150,000 to 400,000 platelets per microL blood
12
Q
Lymphocyte Types
A
T cells (come from Thymus) and B Cells
13
Q
Formed Elements
A
RBCs
Luekocytes
Platelets
14
Q
RBC shape
A
biconcave 8 um wide, 2 thick inc SA for O2 binding easily deformed filled with hemoglobin (over 90% of protein in them)
15
Q
Reoleaux
A
stacked
larger BVs
RBCs
16
Q
Parachutter
A
small arterioles and venules
RBCs
17
Q
Bullet
A
in caps
RBCs
18
Q
Hemoglobin
A
protein 4 large prteon chains (2 alpha 2 beta) heme group *porphyrin Ring each iron in heme can bind to one O2 molec (total of 4)
19
Q
porphyrin Ring
A
surrounds 1 iron molec
complicated structure
20
Q
Hemoglobin Functions
A
carry 4 O2 molecs
O2 bound in caps of lungs, transported to cells
Transports 23% of CO2 produced in CELLS
*** DOES NOT BIND WITH HEME (where O2 binds)
21
Q
Blood concs of hemoglobin in health vs. anemic
A
16g/dL (g/100mL) in men
14 g/dL in women
diff probably due to body size
hematocrit AND hemoglobin level diagnositc for anemia
22
Q
Erythropoiesis
A
RBC formation in Red Bone Marrow after birth, formed by stem cells * which diff into proerythroblasts **Then become erythroblast, then reticulocyte
23
Q
Erhtydrocyte
A
when fully mature
no more nucleus!
24
Q
if anculear pereythrocyte
A
BAD
means theres a crazy high need for RBCs for infections
25
Mature reticulocyte
hemoglobin produced, nucleus ejected
26
RBC formation steps
```
Hematopoietic stem cell
myeloid stem cell
proerythroblast
erythroblast
*** 3 stages
Reticulocute (lose nuclus)
Erhtyrocyte!
```
27
Hemopoetic growth factors
regulate differentiation of proliferation of blood cells
EPO
TPO
Cytokines
28
Erythropoietin (EPO)
RBCs
produced by kidneys
incs RBC precursors
29
Thrombopoietin
hormone from liver
stim. platelet formation
* Megakaryocyte created (can create thousnds of platelets)
* sheds parts (platelets form)
30
Cytokines
local hormones of bone marrow
stim proliferation in other marrow cells
colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins
stim WBC production
31
RBC Lifecycle
live 120 days
no repair possible (no culeus!)
breakdown and recycle
removed by macrophages in spleen and liver
32
Recycling RBCs
globin broken down, recycle amino acids
heme split into iron and biliverdin (green pigment)
* iron to make more hemoglobin
*ring to make bile
33
Recycled Iron
stored in liver, muscle or spleen
attaches to protein (ferritin or hemosiderin) there
transported to bone marrow to use in hemoglobin synth
34
Biliberdin
```
made to bilirubin (green to yellow)
from porforin ring
excreted by kidneys and intestines
*bilirubin-->urobilinogen
**some reabsoprbed, becomes urobilin, expredted by KIDNEYS
```
35
Medical Use of Growth Factors
recomb EPO effective in treated dec BC production due to kidney disease or cancer
gives O2 carrying capacity lost
stim WBC formation in cancer patients getting chemo, which kills marrow and stem cells
TPO given to prevent platelet depletion during chemo or pregnancy
36
cells from myeloid stem cells
```
RBC
megakaryocyte
eosinophin
basophil
neutrofil
monocyte
```
37
Lymphoid stem cells
lymphocyte
T and B cells
very specific in what they attack
38
Colony Forming Unit E
erythrocyte
39
CFU Meg
megakaryocyte
40
CFU GM
nuetrophil
| monocyte
41
number of WBCs
way less
1 for every 700 RBC
if loss of blood, loss of WBCs first (thats their job)
only 2% circling in blood
* rest in lymph fluid, skin, lungs, nodes, and spleen
42
Leukopenia
low WBC count
| radiation, shock, chemo
43
WBC movement
roll on endothel, stick to it (to see if damage
44
Selectins
WBC adhesion molecs
| placed near injury sites
45
Integrins
on neutrophils
| movement through wall
46
Neutrophil
```
60-70% (up in bact. infection)
fastest
bacteria
*lysozomes (digest bact.)
defensin proteins (antibiotics, poke holes in bact. cell)
release strong oxidants (H2O2)
```
47
eosinophil
```
2-4% (up in allergy, parasite)
relases histaminASE
*slow inflamation caused by basophil
attack worms
phagocytizees antibody antigen complexes
accidental triggering=allergies
```
48
basophil
```
<`1% (up in allergy, hypothyroid)
inflammatory response
Mast Cells (how they enter CT)
relase histamine, heparin, serotonin
inc inflam response, inc blood flow, allergic reactions
```
49
lymphocyte
20-25% (up if viral)
Tcell
B cell
Natural Killer Cell
50
T cell
attack virus, fungi, transplated organs, cancer cells, some bact
differintiates non self cells
51
Natural Killer Cells
attack many microbes
some tumor cells
kill forgieners with direct attack
52
B Cell
destory bacteria
| turn into plasma cells that produce antiboides
53
Monocyte
```
3-8% (up if viral, fungal)
slowest, but arrive in larger numbers
become macrophages (when they leave the blood)
destroy microbes
clean up dead tissue
```
54
Phagocytosis
```
neutrophils and monocytes
Process:
1. chemotaxis
2. Adherence & ingestion
3. Destruction
```
55
Chemotaxis
attract phagocyte to infection site
| relase chems from pathogen and/or infected cell (this is what attracts)
56
Adherence and Ingestion
attachment of phagocyte to pathogen membrane
ingestion by pseudopodia (arm things)
result: phagosome
57
Destruction
initiated when phagolysome fuse
lysozyme relasesd, destroys membrane of pathogen
fragments removed via excocytosis
58
Phagolysosome
fusing of phagosome and lysosome
59
Bone Marrow Transplant Procedure
destroy sick marrow (chemo, radiation)
put donor sample in vein, goes to marrow
success: compatability of donor and recipiant
60
Bone Marrow Transplant Treatment
```
leukemia
sickel cell
breast, ovaria, testicular cancer
lymphoma
aplastic anemia
```
61
Platelet Lifetime and Location
5-9 days
2/3 in circulation
1/3 in spleen
62
Thrombosis
clot formation
63
thrombus
a clot
64
embolus
circulating clot
BAD
lack of blood to area, distal will not live
stroke in brain
65
hemorrhage
sever, uncontrolled bleeding
66
Thrombocytopoiesis
myeloid stem--> megakaryocyte
TPO (thrombopoietin) causes frags to fall off mega (2000 to 3000 per cell)
very small platelets (10-20 could fit in RBC)
67
Hemostasis
reaction to stop bleeding
must be small vessle
depends on plateltes
68
3 phases of hemostasis
vascular spasms (immediate vasoconstriction in response)
platelet plug formation
coagulation
69
Vascular Spasm
```
hemostasis
ONLY in vessles with SMOOTH MUSCLE (so NO caps!!!!) also must be small
react to injury
reduce vessle diameter
stop blood flow
```
70
Platelet Plug Formation
```
Platelets dont normally stick
do when damage
stick to exposed collagen fibers (which it knows shouldnt be there)
ADP, seratonin, throboxane 2 relasesd
activate more platelets
ADP makes sticky,
T and seratonin cause contraction of cells
result: tight soft platelet plug
```
71
Coagulation
13 clotting factors (most from liver)
reactions where blood goes from liquid to gen
intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
(INT slower)
72
eextrensic blood (hemostasis)
blood vessle
73
intrinsic (hemostasis)
platelet, blood component
74
common pathway for clotting
1. prothrombinase activated
prothrombin--> thrombin
2. thrombin
converts firinogen to fibrin (sol to insol)
activate factor XIII (stabilize fibrin network)
75
Formation of clotting factors
synthed in liver
prothrombin
fibrinogen
factors V, VII, IX, X
76
Factor II
Thrombin
77
Vitamin K needed for
making factors II, VII, IX, X
| vit K deficiancy can lead to failure of clotting
78
Lack of VIII
hemophiliacs
79
Fibrinolysis
clots must be dissolved (so no embolus)
| dissolution of clot
80
things that make plasmin
tissue plasminogen activator, thrombin, plasminogen, make
| digest fibrin strands and break clot
