LEGAL MED Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
the determination of the individuality of a person or thing
A
identification
2
Q
2 methods of identificaion
A
by comparison
by exclusion
3
Q
identification criteria recovered during investigation are compared with records available in the file, or post mortem finding are compared with ante- mortem records.
A
By comparison-
4
Q
if two or more persons have to be identified and all but one is not yet identified, then the one whose identity has not been established may be known by the process of elimination.
A
By exclusion
5
Q
The bases of human identification may be classified as:
2
A
Those which laymen used to prove identity
Those which are based on scientific knowledge-
6
Q
no special training or skill is required of the identifier and no Instrument or procedure is demanded.
A
Those which laymen used to prove identity -
7
Q
identification is made by trained men, well-seasoned by
experienced and observation, and primarily based on comparison or exclusion,
A
Those which are based on scientific knowledge-
8
Q
POINTS TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION WHEN FINDING HUMAN DEAD BODY ELSEWHERE:
7
A
- Place where the body was found
- Date and time when found
- Cause of death
- Time when death occurred
- Approximate age
- Possible Occupation
- Complete description of the body
9
Q
Characteristics which may easily be changed:
A
Growth of hair, beard or mustache
Clothing
Grade of Profession
Body Ornamentation
10
Q
this may be easily be shaved or grown within a short time.
A
Growth of hair, beard or mustache
11
Q
a person may have special preference for certain form, texture or style. e. Frequent place of visit
A
Clothing
12
Q
Characteristics that may not easily be changed:
A
Mental memory
Speech
Gall
13
Q
a recollection of time, place and events may be a clue in identification.
A
Mental memory-
14
Q
a person may stammer, slutter or lisp.
A
Speech-
15
Q
a person, on account of disease or some inborn traits may show characteristic manner of walking
A
Gall
16
Q
a galt in which a foot is raised high, thrown forward and brought down suddenly is seen in persons suffering from tabes dorsalis.
A
Ataxic Galt-
17
Q
a galt associated with staggering movement is seen in cerebellar diseases.
A
Cerebellar Gait-
18
Q
a swaying movement due to knock knee.
A
Cow’s Gait
19
Q
gait in which the steps are short, the feet are dragged and the legs are held more or less widely apart.
A
Paretic Gait
20
Q
a gait in which the legs are held together and move in a stiff manner and the
toes dragged.
A
Spastic Gait
21
Q
involuntary movement in short accelerating steps.
A
Festinating Gait
22
Q
a hopping gait resulting from infantile paralysis
A
Frog Gait
23
Q
exaggerated alteration of lateral trunk movement similar to the movement of the duck.
A
Waddling Gait-
24
Q
stereotype movement or habit peculiar to an individual. e. Hands and Feet- size, shape and abnormalities of the hands and feet may be the bases of identification.
A
d. Mannerism-
25
can be determined when the whole body is exposed preferably to ordinary sunlight.
Complexion-
26
A person identified because he is near sighted. far sighted, color blind.astigmatic, presbyopic, or cross-eyed.
Changes in the Eyes-
27
the nose is pinched, the temple hollow. Eyes sunken, ears cold, lips relaxed and skin livid. The appearance of the face is indicative of approaching death.
Hippocratic Facies-
28
almond eyes, pale complexion, prominence of cheekbones. h.3.
Mongolian Facies-
29
pale face, edematous swelling which does not pit on pressure, associated with dullness of intellect, slow monotonous speech, muscular weakness and tremor,
Myxedemic Facies-
30
the determination must be in relation to the height and age
Degree of Nutrition-
31
a person ceases to increase in height after the age of 25. The growth of a person rarely exceeds five centimetres after the age of 18. The rate of growth is variable but it is most active from 5 to 7 and from 13 to 16 years of age.
Stature-
32
introduction of coloring pigments in the layers of the skin by multiple puncture.
Tattoo Marks-
33
This is not a good point of identification for it is easily changed from time to time.
Weight-
34
- Congenital or acquired eg clubfoot, cleft palate, amputation etc.
Deformities
35
Male organ may show previous circumcision. In female the uterus and breasts may show signs of previous pregnancy.
Sexual Organ-
36
- a genetic defect wherein an individual show intermingling. In varying degrees, of the characteristics of both sexes including physical form, reproductive organs, and sexual behaviour.
Intersexuality
37
the sex organs (testes or ovaries) have never developed. This condition can be determined very early in fetal life.
GONADAL AGENESIS
37
the sex organs (testes or ovaries) have never developed. This condition can be determined very early in fetal life.
GONADAL AGENESIS
38
the external structures are present but at puberty the testes or the ovaries fail to develop.
GONADAL DYSGENESIS-
39
- a state of bisexuality having both ovaries and testicles. The nuclear sex is usually female. The character may be neutral or whichever dominant.
TRUE HERMAPHRODITISM
40
gonads are testicles but the character is effeminate.
MALE PSUEDOHERMAPHRODITE-
41
gonads are ovaries but with masculine character.
FEMALE PSUEDOHERMAPHRODITE-
42
Experiments have shown that the best known person cannot be recognized under the CLEAREST MOONLIGHT at a distance greater than 16 to 17 yards and by STARLIGHT any further than 10 to 13 yards.
Clearest Moonlight or Starlight
43
A person can hardly recognized another person at a distance father than ONE HUNDRED YARDS if the person has never been seen before, but persons who are almost strangers may be recognized at a distance of TWENTY-FIVE YARDS.
Broad Daylight
44
Although by experiment. letters of two inches high can be read with the aid of the flash of a caliber .22 firearm at a distance of TWO FEET it is hardly possible for a witness to see the assailant in case of a hold up or a murder
Flash of Firearm
45
Produces sufficient light from the identification of individual provided that the person's eye is focused towards the individual he wishes to identify during the flash.
The Flash of Lightning
46
In case of ------ the identity is relative to the kind and intensity of the light. Experiments may be made for every particular artificial light concerned.
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT.
47
discoloration of the body after death; setting of blood in the dependent portions of the body following death. Twelve hours after death, the post-mortem lividity is already fully developed.
Post-Mortem Lividity (Livor Mortis) -
48
there is a subsequent increase in respiratory action since there is an obstruction in the respiratory orifices
aphyxia
49
A ligature device such as a rope is wound around the neck in a snug fit and the person lets his
own weight apply the suffocating force
aphyxia by hanging
49
A ligature device such as a rope is wound around the neck in a snug fit and the person lets his
own weight apply the suffocating force
aphyxia by hanging
49
A ligature device such as a rope is wound around the neck in a snug fit and the person lets his
own weight apply the suffocating force
aphyxia by hanging
49
A ligature device such as a rope is wound around the neck in a snug fit and the person lets his
own weight apply the suffocating force
aphyxia by hanging
50
evident especially at dependent portions of the body (fingers, lips, and if still hanging, the hands and feet)
Cyanosis
51
Applying direct force to a ligature device tightened around the neck to suffocate the victim or self
aphyxia by strangulation
52
- Application of compressive force around the neck using bare hands
- The main mechanism of killing
is more of the occlussion of the carotids
asphyxia by throtting
53
death is due to submersion in a liquid
asphyxia by drowning
54
(brain)-- mechanism of death in acute drowning
irreversible cerebral anoxia
55
(Blood)-- most important pathological consequence
Hypoxemia
56
PHASES OF DROWNING BEFORE DEATH
Breath-holding
Involuntary inspiration
Gasping of air
Loss of consciousness
Death
57
Heavy articles or weight may be found in the pocket of clothings
Presence of suicidal note
Strong reason to commit suicide
Mentality of the person
Previous attempts of suicide
Suicidal
58
Evidences of struggle
Articles belonging to the assailant
Presence of motive for the killing
Presence of ligature on the hands or legs
Presence of physical injuries which could not be self inflicted
Testimony of witnesses
Homicidal
59
Absence of mark of violence
Condition and the situation of the victim before death
Exclusion of homicidal or suicidal nature of drowning
Testimony of witnesses
Accidental
60
3 STEPS IN MEDICO-LEGAL INVESTIGATION
circumstances
body
labatory examination
61
luminol can detect blood at one part of a million and even reveal old stain that is nit
61
luminol can detect blood at one part of a million and even reveal old stain not visible to naked eye
serelogy
62
Last known alive found dead
WINDOW OF TIME
63
Also known as Postmortem Rigidity
After death the muscles of the body initially become flaccid
Within 1-3 hours they become increasingly rigid and the joints freeze
hardening of muscles is due to lactic acid accumulation and gelatinization of myofibrillar protoplasm.
rigor mortis
64
Discoloration of the body after death by the settling of blood, no longer being pump through the body by the heart
Blood settles in vessels by gravity in dependent areas of the body and color the skin purple red
livor mortis
65
Also known as Body Cooling.
After death the body cools from its normal internal temperature to the surrounding environmental temperature.
algor mortis
66
- deaths caused exclusively (100%) by disease or
birth defect
- if an injury (physical or chemical) contributes to
death, no matter how minor the contribution, the
fatality cannot be classified natural
NATURAL
67
- at the very least, someone else did something
wrong that set in motion a process that resulted
in the person’s death
HOMICIDE
68
- at the very least, the person did something that
resulted in his or her death, and this is was
more or less what the person intended
SUICIDE
69
- these deaths resulted from some kind of
unplanned, unintended injury
ACCIDENT
70
when the circumstances and findings leave
unreasonable doubt about the classification
- when there is insufficient info about the
circumstances surrounding the death
- in some instances, when the COD is unknown
undetermined
71
- the manner of death in fatalities that arise from
complications of diagnostic or therapeutic
procedures
- the term is nonjudgmental and non-accusatory
- not a synonym for malpractice
THERAPEUTIC COMPLICATION
72
there is a subsequent increase in respiratory action since there is an obstruction in the respiratory orifices
asphyxia
73
A ligature device such as a rope is wound
around the neck in a snug fit and the person lets his
own weight apply the suffocating force
asphyxia by hanging
74
evident especially at dependent portions of the body (fingers, lips, and if still hanging, the hands and feet)
Cyanosis
75
Applying direct force to a ligature device tightened around the neck to suffocate the victim or self
asphyxia by strangulation
76
Application of compressive force around the neck using bare hands
asphyxia by THROTTLING
77
death is due to submersion in a liquid
asphyxia by drowning
78
(brain)
-- mechanism of death in acute drowning
Irreversible cerebral anoxia
79
(Blood)
-- most important pathological consequence
Hypoxemia
80
PHASES OF DROWNING BEFORE DEATH
Breath-holding
Involuntary inspiration
Gasping of air
Loss of consciousness
Death
81
Heavy articles or weight may be found in the pocket of clothings
Presence of suicidal note
Strong reason to commit suicide
Mentality of the person
Previous attempts of suicide
Suicidal
82
Evidences of struggle
Articles belonging to the assailant
Presence of motive for the killing
Presence of ligature on the hands or legs
Presence of physical injuries which could not be self inflicted
Testimony of witnesses
Homicidal
83
Absence of mark of violence
Condition and the situation of the victim before death
Exclusion of homicidal or suicidal nature of drowning
Testimony of witnesses
Accidental
84
Presence of pre existing cardiovascular disease
Exacerbated by physical exertion of swimming or struggling or by effects of cold
Natural death while in water
85
Also known as Postmortem Rigidity
After death the muscles of the body initially become flaccid
Within 1-3 hours they become increasingly rigid and the joints freeze hardening of muscles is due to lactic acid accumulation and gelatinization of myofibrillar protoplasm.
RIGOR MORTIS
86
Discoloration of the body after death by the settling of blood, no longer being pump through the body by the heart
Blood settles in vessels by gravity in dependent areas of the body and color the skin purple red
liver mortis
87
Also known as Body Cooling.
After death the body cools from its normal internal temperature to the surrounding environmental temperature.
Evaluating a decrease in body temperature is helpful within the first 10 hours
The body cools at approximately 0.833C / hour
algor mortis
88
- deaths caused exclusively (100%) by disease or
birth defect
- if an injury (physical or chemical) contributes to
death, no matter how minor the contribution, the
fatality cannot be classified natural
NATURAL
89
- at the very least, someone else did something
wrong that set in motion a process that resulted
in the person’s death
homicide
90
- at the very least, the person did something that
resulted in his or her death, and this is was
more or less what the person intended
SUICIDE
91
- these deaths resulted from some kind of
unplanned, unintended injury
4. ACCIDENT
92
- when the circumstances and findings leave
unreasonable doubt about the classification
- when there is insufficient info about the
circumstances surrounding the death
-
UNDETERMINED
93
- the manner of death in fatalities that arise from
complications of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures
THERAPEUTIC COMPLICATION
