Legislation - XRAYS Flashcards by Learning2Succeed Taylor

List 4 characteristics of radiation means effects are not immedietly appriciated

1 - Cummalitive
2 - latent
3 - Invisable
4 - Painless

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define: Somatic effects of radiation

Somatic effects are direct changes to the body tissues or organs.

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List some Somatic effects of radiation.

Hint SOMATIC RADIATION EFFECTS RAPIDLY DIVIDING CELLS BEFORE THEY DIVIDE PASSING THE EFFECTS ON TO DAUGHTER CELLS

Blood disorders
Cateracts
GI upset
Hair Loss
Inflammation
Baldness
Death of Tissue
Infertility
Damage to devloping foetus
Burns

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Harmful effects of radiation can be
1
2
3

1 - Somatic

2 - Carcinogenic

3 - Genetic

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define: Carcinogenic effects

-induction of tumours (these are stochastic)

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define: Genetic effects

-Inherited abnormalities

these are stochastic

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Define: Stochastic

these effects are by chance, there is no minimum threshold of exposure

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Define: Non- Stochastic

These have a dose specific threshold. once these thresholds are met or exceeded side effects will occur.

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Radiation sources
1
2
3

1 - Faulty equipment

2 - Primary beam

3 - Scatter radiation

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Radiation source: Faulty equipment

How often should tube head be checked?

Checked annually

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Radiation source: Faulty equipment

The tube window must be covered by an ______________ film to remove _________________ from the primary beam

The tube window must be covered by an ALIUMINIUM FILTER film to remove LOW ENERGY X-RAY PHOTONS from the primary beam

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Radiation source: Faulty equipment

Describe protocol for checking for cracks

1 - Tape envoloped non screen film to the tube head

2 - Leave in place for a few exposures

3 - Process the film, if there are any cracks these will show as black lines

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Radiation source: Primary Beam

Body exposure

No part of the body should be placed in the path of the primary beam

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Radiation source: Primary Beam

Collimation devices

Collimations devices should be used and checked periodically

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Radiation source: Primary Beam

Horizontal beam work

Horizontal beam work should be avoided as much as possible

If it cannot be avoided it should be pointed towards thick wall

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Radiation source: Primary Beam

Table protection

To stop the primary beam from passing through the table, it should be lined with lead to avoid exposing the radiographers feet.

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Radiation source: Scatter radiation

Explain where scatter radiation comes from

Scatter radiation occurs when xrays hit a solid object, is not absorbed and it ‘bounces’ off in an unpredictabke fashion

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Radiation source: Scatter Radiation

sources

1
2
3

1 Patient
2 Casset
3 Walls

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Ways that we can reduce scatter radiation

Lead door
2m distance from primary beam
use of grid for depths of >10cm
PPE - gloves, gown, thyroid sheild
Keep settings on minimal exposure
Minimum exposures necessary for patient
Collimate primary beam
Lead backed table

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Dosemeters - Thermoluminescent

Lithium Floride cyrstals
- radiation effects the structure of the crystals, when the badges are heated the glow different colours depending on the radiation they were exposed to. .

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Dosemeters - film badges

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These contain small pieces of xray film which measures the exposure of radiation.

Dosemeters - units

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Millisieverts mSv

Dosemeters - rules
1
2
3
4
5

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1 placed on trunk
2 avoid exposure to excess sunlight
3 only for designated wearer
4 replaced every 1 - 3 months.

Dose limits - M.P.D

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Maxiumum permitted dose

MPD - 17+ years old

20 mSv

MPD - 16-17YR OLD

6 MSV

MPD - PREGNANT WOMEN

1 MSV though most practice policies will be that pregnant women do not participate in radiography

Xray machine equipment - MUST HAVE

Light/Buzzer to indicate when exposure being taken Colimation device A timer An exposure button that allows radiographer to be 2m away warning light 2.5mm aluimium filtration

XRAY Table regulations

1mm of lead sheet covering the table - to protect the feet of the oportator incase of manual restraint

Controlled Area

Xray room is the area when any xray equipment is turned on and xray production has been enabled. This is any area where the instaneous dose rate is likely to exceed 7.5mSv per hour. This is usually 2m around the primary beam No one my enter the xray room when an exposure is being taken.

Sheilding Most useful aids against scattered radiation are 1 2

1 - distance 2 - sheilding 3 -

Barriers for primary beam

4.5in of brick | 1mm of lead/rubber/glass/acrylic

Barriers for secondary (scatter) radiation

4.5in of brick 05mm of lead/rubber/glass/acrylic distance of 2m from the edge of primary beam, plus a plasteroard, timber or glass partition board Special recommendations for flooring may be required if there is a room above or below the controlled area

Classified workers

Workers that are likely to obtain more than 30% of any MPD whilst working with ionising radiations

Radiation protection advisor

External personnel any practice with an Xray machine hat requires a member of staff to work in a controlled area MUST appoint a radiation protections advisor

Radiation protection advisor must have a ___________________. As set out by the Approved Code of Practice.

Must have a cirtificate of competence

RPA's give advice on all aspects of ________, and help draw up ______________

Radiation protection Local rules

Radiation protection Advisors could be 1 2

1 - Veterinary Radiologists 2 - a Health physicist who has an active interest in veterinary radiology.

Radiation protection supivisor (internal)

Senior staff members appointmented within the practice.

Responsibilities of RPS

responsibility for ensuring that radiography is carried out in accordance to the regulations and local rules

RPA/RPS? - Barriers to primary and secondary radiation - Construction - Size

RPA

RPA/RPS? Working routine - monitoring - whole body, extremity, environment

RPA

RPA/RPS? Machine Table Protective Equipment

RPA

RPA/RPS? ``` Local rules written systems of work changes to: room procedures equipment ```

RPA

RPA/RPS? Training- Problems that may arise. training staff on protection procedures

RPA

RPA/RPS? ``` Procedures Monitoring Records Protective clothing Standardised training ```

RPS

PPE for xrays 1 2 3 Sometimes 4 5

Lead gown lead gloves lead thyroid protector Lead goggles lead screen

How thick should a lead gown be?

0.25mm

How thick should be lead gloves be?

0.35 - 0.5mm

When would you wear ppe for xrays?

When standing within the controlled area. This does not allow you to stand within the primary beam

XRAY RECORDS What records what need to kept within the book

``` DATE PATIENTS NAME STAFF PRESENT VIEWS TAKEN SETTINGS mAs and kVs. QUALITY Grid Y/N BRANCH BREED/SPECIES ```

Legislation - XRAYS Flashcards

(51 cards)