Leisure and Travel Flashcards
(65 cards)
1
Q
What did spectator sports serve as and what were the key ones?
A
- Important social function as central institutions in British life, culture, identity
- Football, rugby, cricket
2
Q
How did an expansion in audience for spectator sports occur?
A
- Increased leisure time = WC supporters attend matches
- Development of teams of players from local communities = close affinity for many
- introduction of TV + radio broadcasting changed how spectator sports experienced
3
Q
Why did spectator sports develop from 1918 onwards and in what ways?
A
- Mass spectator audiences = gradually more profitable for participants + hosts
- 20s & 30: possible to see major events (eg: horse races) for free
- At Epsom, aintree, derby race courses: large free areas attracted crowds between 200,000-500,000
- Avg 22Mn/ year attended professional football with similar audience sizes for amateur football in 20s -30s
4
Q
What happened to spectator sports during GD?
A
- Football, rugby, cricket clubs in most deprived areas struggled to continue
- Declining ticket sales + cheaper tickers = difficult to financially survive
- EG: nearly all rugby league clubs outside Yorkshire + Lancashire closed due to low attendance
- Only matches > 50,000 spectators held after worst of GD passed
- BUT other sports enjoyed large, MC audiences between wars (tennis, show jumping, golf)
- 1933: 50,000 people paid to see the Ryder Cup
5
Q
What was the impact of broadcasting on football?
A
- 1936: BBC broadcasted live from football matches concerning FA (football association)
- People believed people would just listen from home BUT opposite occurred
- Radio broadcasts strengthened mass participation in football and developed the audience to national level
- Mass media helped extend sporting events across the country + create national spectator culture = increase in amount of money sports could generate
6
Q
How was organised sport used during WW2?
A
- Military personnel + civilians encouraged keep fit using organised sporting
- Important for morale
7
Q
What happened to sports during WW2?
A
- Initial: sports stadia closed during war as fear of mass casualties should be bombed
- Effect on morale + popular demand led to reopening
- Cessation of normal league comps due to many professional sportsmen going armed forces
8
Q
How did mass sporting events contribute to quality of life?
A
- Provided entertainment at affordable prices
- BUT mostly men therefore limited impact for women
9
Q
What kinds of games happened during WW2?
A
- Military often formed highly talented teams: games between forces in aid of charity (May 1943: 55,000 attended football match at Chelsea raising 8,000 GBP for naval welfare charities)
- Successful cricket matches staged between British Empire XI & London Counties XI
- 1 match at Lords in July 1944 delayed as V1 bomb landed nearby
- An FA services football team played France & Belgium in capitals in Sept 1944 shortly after liberation winning 5-0 and 3-0
10
Q
What happened to spectator sports after WW2?
A
- British newspapers devoted more coverage to sport than any other topic
- Focus shifted from dominance of football to cricket in late 50s
- By 60s: cricket reped all that pop culture rejected as perceived to be sport of UC + MC while football had fewer alleged pretensions
11
Q
What did technological developments allow for in sports?
A
- Increased British TV audiences’ access to sporting events worldwide
- TV of international sporting events (egL football World Cup, olympics, commonwealth games) allowed viewers support British teams + sportspeople globally
- 1966 World Cup final: 32 million viewers watched England defeat W Germany
12
Q
What was a direct benefit of the development of a national sporting culture
A
- Increased gov investment in sporting facilities in 60s & 70s
- 1972: Sports Council of GB created to help british athletes and sportspeople compete internationally and win to tune in spectators at home
- Designed to promote sport amongst elite and public with motto ‘sport for all’
13
Q
Why were some alienated from football?
A
- Violent clashes between rival supporters
- ordinary fans enjoying game overshadowed by news headlines of violent disturbances
- 50s onwards: synonymous with hooliganism but really took off in 70s
- Violence almost exclusive to football as rugby, cricket, boxing largely unaffected
14
Q
Football’s rise and relative fall post-WW2
A
- 1948: 41Mn tickets sold for Football League matches (eg: fallen to about 30Mn 2 decades later)
- Econ hardships of austerity + post-war boom = surge & decline
- Offered escape from post-war austerity but in 60s econ boom had to compete with other pastimes for attention
- Sport on TV availability may have contributed to decline of ticket sales
15
Q
What was tourism like in the 19C?
A
- Tourism (especially foreign) reserved for aristocracy + UMC
16
Q
How did tourism change at the beginning of the century?
A
- Sufficient leisure time + money + cheap travel costs = mass industry
- By 1925: 1.5Mn WC employees had paid holidays + bank holiday due to LIP + LAP reforms
- Opportunities for tourism industry expansion to cater to WC families with leisure time not just MC tastes
17
Q
What happened to the types of holidays after WW2?
A
- LS rising = greater consumer choice on leisure time + holidays
- Holidaymakers began new experiences when presented with alternatives to boarding houses, butlin’s camps / poor customer service
- Vast growth in foreign travel = domestic venues change to maintain custom
18
Q
What happened as there was more widespread affluence in Britain to leisure time?
A
- Tastes of public change and not everyone shared same outlook and aspirations
- Shift away from older more collectivist ideas to more individualistic values
19
Q
What was tourism like at the beginning of the period?
A
- Pre 1918: few WC took holidays therefore most facilities geared to wealthy
- Expensive seaside hotels + spa resorts: good of health with brochures marketing health-giving qualities
- Leisure facilities eg: golf courses + sailing off coast and in inland areas eg: Norfolk Broads
- Abroad: exlucisve locations (eg: French Riviera / art gallery + museum tours in Greece and Italy)
- Trend continued during interwar years as guidebooks concentrated on most expensive hotels, art, cultural pursuits + tipping advice
20
Q
What developments occurred in terms of tourism accessability in the 1930s?
A
- Affordability of cars = domestic tourism not reliant on train travel to seaside resorts
- 1936: coaches transported 82Mn passengers to rural Britain but 1939: 2Mn cars on roads
21
Q
What alternative forms of tourism developed in the 30s?
A
- Scotland, Lake District (72,000 visiting / year in 30s), North Wales: most popular for caravaners, campers, hikers
- Cheap hiking holidays easier due to growth in Youth hostel Association (offered dorm rooms + breakfast)
- Better educated pop resulted in more visits to important cultural + historical sites (eg: Stratford-upon-avon for annual Shakespeare festival)
22
Q
What happened to the seaside resorts during the 30s?
A
- Remained popular: number of boarding houses + holiday camps in resorts are to accommodate tourism growth
23
Q
What was an alternative to hotels for many seaside holidaymakers?
A
- Seaside boarding houses
- 1920: 4,000 in Blackpool with many families retuning to same establishment annually
- many run by single ‘spinsters’ / widows
- Boarding houses less attractive as disposable income of holidaymakers rose
- Guests not given own keys + not able to stay out after certain hours
- Many landladies operated strict behaviour rules (some ‘home away from home’ but others overbearing)
24
Q
What was the main change in tourism for WC families?
A
- Familiar experiences: day trips to Blackpool, bridlington, Southend
- Mass WC tourism changed with creation of holiday camps
25
Butlin's - development
- Businessmen Billy butlin imported idea from Canada
- Trad landladies at British seaside resorts inhospitable + unfriendly
- THEREFORE if offered cheap holidays in chalet accommodation with activities + entertainment despite weather + 3 meals/ day = POPULAR
- Holiday camp empire grew for 30 years
26
What brought about the end of Butlin's domination of tourism?
- Cheap package holidays
- 1939: Skegness and Clacton camps provided holidays for 100,000 visitors / year
- By 60s: 6 more holiday camps built but visitor numbers declined in early 70s
27
What was a key aspect to the decline of Butlin's?
- Regimented nature: chalets, communal dining areas, loudspeaker system broadcasting updates felt similar to army camp for some guests
- Tastes gradually changed due to rising LS and holidaymakers demanded more individual experiences
- ALSO growth in foreign holidays
28
What did Butlin's do to try and prevent decline?
- Strategy change: exclusive family holidays to teenagers + young adults (more disposable income)
- marketed to teenagers but disastrous result
- Tabloid stories: vandalism, drinking, teenage sex, anti-social behaviour damaged family friendly reputations
29
What does Butler's rise and decline demonstrate?
- How changes in income + consumer choice shaped spending habits
- Newly empowered teenage consumers importance to British businesses from 60s onwards
30
What were the changes to customer service in the 60s onwards?
- Attitudes: service more personalised
- EG: hotels offered wider menu choices + leisure facilities like bars + gyms to almost become resorts
- Increased customer spending power + wider overseas travel + greater expectations = standard approach to hotel guests from 30s no longer tolerated
- Holiday camps more comfortable + updated chalets to have more elaborate entertainment + leisure facilities
31
What sparked the growth in foreign tourism from 50s-70s?
- 50s: affordability of holidays = central feature of life for many families NOT rare luxury
- Almost all businesses offered minimum 14 days annual leave to employees by early 60s
- Many working adults: holidaying was resting opportunities from working life strains
32
How did countries abroad develop tourism for Britons?
- Beachfronts of Spain, Portugal transformed to high-rise holiday apartment blocks + hotels, bars, cinemas, restaurants
- Cheap accommodation + flights + hot weather for most of year = attractive to lots of holidaymakers now able to travel abroad
- Gradual increase in holidays to mediterranean in 60s (4% in 1968 to 8% in 1971 of all British holidays) financed developments + encourage tour operators to find similar overseas locations
33
What did the gov do in attempt to keep pound's value high?
- Prevented britons taking . 50 GBP / year out of country
- Limited scope of holiday making + number of oldies people could take
- Decision allow holidaymakers take 25 GBP / trip = holiday travel boom
- 1971: British people took 4Mn foreign holidays but rose to 13Mn decade later
34
What was the experience of foreign travel like for many at the beginning?
- Exciting and exotic BUT also overcrowded planes, half-built hotels, stomach upsets
- Cautious british tourists suspicious of foreign cuisine, found 'british' restaurant, bars, hotels set up by ex-pat Brits / local businessmen who knew how to cater to british tastes
35
How did British tastes develop as time went on for foreign travel?
- More adventurous: many returned with taste for pasta + wine
- Enabled many experience foreign countries in unimaginable manner (thanks to rising LS)
- Also: changing tastes + attitudes to European countries and gradual change in often insular attitudes of many Britons
36
How did the expansion of leisure time also impact domestic life?
- Family life of many WC + MC changed because men spent more time with families
- Trad escapes (eg: pub, working man's club) declined due to increased home ownership + TV
- Pursuits eg: gardening and DIY
37
How did tourism categories expand in the post-war period
- New forms free in popularity
38
Caravanning
- Developed as leisure activity in 30s (1934: > 90 models available)
- Rising LS post-war = caravan ownership increased as many families previously visited butlin's adopted less communal holiday style
- Growth possible because of increased car ownership + suburbia growth (houses had driveways)
- Appealed to independent people who did not want strict schedules / organised activities
- 60s: accounted for 20% of all holidays with > 1/2 of population having had a caravan holiday by 70s
- Created large market for domestic tourism
39
'Hippy trail'
- Rising LS + edu = development of alternative travel ideas in 70s
- Young people searching for 'authentic' experience + rejected overt materialism = travelled route to Nepal + India
- Numbers vs Majorca / Ibiza exceedingly small
- Most used car, van, train across Europe, turkey, Iran, afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal
- All countries on rate allied to western nations in 70s therefore mostly safe for adventure-seeking western tourists
- Existence: changing LS = diversity in attitudes to leisure and travel as some young, uni-educated people had different ideas and expectations of life reflected in choice of holiday destination
- Not everyone found package
40
What was the remaining impact of class on leisure?
- Still significant inequalities
- By 1965: full employment + broader rights for workers meant 60% of working adults had 2/3 weeks of paid holiday/year
- 1/3 of MC could afford regular holidays abroad in 60s, only around 1/5 of WC
- Foreign holidays more common later on
- About 1.5Mn people holidayed abroad in 1951 vs 8.5Mn in 1972
- Numbers declined again form 1973 due to rise in prices
41
How did the relationship between car ownership and british people mirror changes in affluence?
- Drastically transformed country into car-owning society
- Changed country transport infrastructure + urban env with thousands of miles of motorways built over century
42
How has society changed with car ownership?
- towns and cities redesigned: Accommodate cars + vehicles (which have been advertised as aspirational possessions)
- Since birth of auto industry: cars = status symbols / individuality expression / success
- Also contributed to decline of public transport
43
Car industry: interwar years
- 20s + 30s = shift away from horse-drawn carriages (1923: >200,000 in Britain to 12,000 in 1937)
- Rapid decline of trams: switch to buses by city + town councils
- 1934: almost 2.5Mn cars on British roads (1/2 privately owned)
44
What was the price of cars like during the 20s versus the 30s?
- 20s: Rover 10/25 = 250 GBP in 1929 (about 11,000 GBP today): prices far beyond means of most families
- Early 30s: prices fell - Austin seven (small family car) = 125 GBP + Morris Minor SV first 100 GBP (went to production in 1931)
45
What was car ownership like during the interwar years?
- Overwhelmingly MC luxury - prices affordable to MC motorists but still beyond reaches of most WC
- Many secondhand car sellers sold from 40-70 GBP
- Some WC formed syndicates: shared car cost + usage
- Development of mass marketing + consumerism = cars became desirable possession
46
What did the growth in car ownership result in?
- Expansion to road network
- New tarmac-covered roads built on pre-existing highways + new rods cut through countryside built
- major civil engineering projects (1934: mersey tunnel + 1939: great north road) result OF car ownership rise but still few roads by WW2 start
47
1930 Road Traffic Act
- Removed speed limits from all but most dangerous road stretches because 20mph og limit almost unforceable
- Without sophisticated methods to get speed, police couldn't prosecute
- Did contribute to road safety in:
1. Compulsory 3rd party insurance
2. Highway Code (rulebook for pedestrians + motorists)
3. Power of local authorities control traffic lights, roundabouts, one-way streets
48
Road deaths
- 1926-30: 124,000 car crashes with > 4,800 deaths caused 80% by motorists
- 1934: 7,343 deaths + 231,603 injuries
- THEREFORE speed limit introduced in 1934 to 30mph in built-up areas + added pedestrian crossings
- Required drivers to take test for license
49
What was the impact of the car industry on employment?
- New indurstries: car workshops, garages, petrol stations: kept motorists' cars running
- Car engines progressively reliable by 30s therefore consumers increasingly looked to cars > rail for travel
50
What did driving also become for many?
- Leisure activity in own right
- Travel guide for drivers with detailed maps + ideas on destinations popular
- Used for day trips + weekend excursions with new market for books on rural Britain
51
What happened to many manufactured cars post-WW2 and why?
- Many models plagued with problems as:
Poor labour relations in car factories + autocratic management style in most major companies = weakened industry
- 70s: British car industry synonymous to faulty, poor quality cars
52
The Mini
- 1959: most iconic British car of most post-war era
- built by British Motor corporation
- Very popular: sold almost 1.2Mn vehicles in Britain + worldwide
- Small, fashionable, affordable but made loss on every vehicle sold
53
What happened to car production and the use of petrol during WW2?
- Interrupted: production lines used to build fighter aircraft
- Restrictions on amount of petrol motorists could use
- Petrol rationed until 1950
54
What societal changes allowed car ownership to rise?
- british avg wage rise = more cars
- 2.2Mn cars registered in London alone by end of 60s (as many as entire country 3 decades earlier)
- 1972: 13Mn drivers on Britain's roads + buying better made, cheaper cars overseas (especially Germany / Japan)
- 1975: 1/3 of cars imported and half by 1979
55
What happened to the domestic car industry of Britain?
- british car industry failed as Volkswagen beetles + golfs & small, reliable, cheap Japanese Datsun sunny preffered
56
What impact did the failure of the british car industry have on LS?
- little overall impact on driving habits
- Most demonstrated not loyal to particular British brand
- instead simply went with price, quality, reliability
57
How was car ownership spread across the nation
- 50s: MC often owned 2 cars therefore able to commute to work, causing new villages constructed on city fringes
- WC in NE least likely to have cars therefore children less likely travel far from home, even fro uni
58
What was the impact of car ownership on public transport in the 50s?
- Declined bus / coach journeys
- 1952: accounted for 42% of all journeys (92Bn km) and fell
- Car travel: 58Bn km to 286Nb km from 1952-69
59
What was the impact of car ownership on roads and motor ways?
- Dramatic expansion of road network from 30s onwards into 60s
- 1958: Preston bypass road opened (first 8 mile stretch of motorway) followed by M1 between London and Birmingham next year
60
What happened to the progression of motorways in the 60s and what did it result in?
- motorways gradually completed
- Significantly impacted QoL for much of population
- Environmentalists: complained as loss of green space + habitats for wild animals
- Home owners close to motorways: impact of noise + traffic on lifestyle
- Most mobile and travel easier than ever before
- Easier commuting, relocating for work and further from communities grew up in
61
Geddes Axe
- Contributed to decline in public transport
- 5,000 miles of railway removed: often viewed as catastrophic error that irreparably damaged railway network
- However, industry struggling with some lines eg Thetford to Swaffham in Norfolk only recouped 10% of operating costs
62
What happened to international travel in the 60s?
- grew significantly with advent of cheap foreign holidays
- Until roll-on roll-off ferries in early 60s: car abroad = expensive + time consuming
- now far more common but further journeys = air travel preferred
63
What were the beginnings of air travel pre 20s?
- Aug 1919: 1st international air service from Hounslow to Le Bourget
- Low demand at first with most companies short lived
- Prove companies found difficult to operate without types of subsidies offered by French gov to firms
64
What changes occurred to air travel in the 20s and 30s?
- 1924: 4 major british companies amalgamated to Imperial Airways with gov subsidies to encourage air rout development
- 1932: possible to fly to Australia using British colonies as refuelling stations
- Flying boats plied the Atlantic with comfortable plane seating
- Demand still low (1937: <250,000 passengers and by 1955 <1Mn passenger journeys)
65
