Les 3

Question 1

Categories of Earth Materials:

Answer 1

• Rocks
  
  • Igneous
  • Metamorphic
  • Sedimentary
  • Minerals

Question 2

Magma - cools and solidifies
Cooling - forms igneous rocks

Answer 2

Formation of Igneous Rocks

Question 3

Weathering and Erosion - break down existing rocks
Sediments - are transported and deposited
Compaction and Lithification - form sedimentary rocks

Answer 3

Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

Question 4

Heat and Pressure - alter existing rocks
Metamorphism - changes the rock into metamorphic rock

Answer 4

Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

Question 5

Melting - of any rock type returns it to magma

Answer 5

Returning to Magma

Question 6

●Solid:Minerals are solid materials.
● Naturally Occurring: They form through natural geological processes.
● Inorganic: Minerals are not made by living organisms.
● Definite Chemical Composition: They have a specific chemical formula with elements and compounds in a precise ratio.
● Ordered Internal Structure:Atoms are arranged in a systematic, repeating pattern, often forming geometric or crystal structures.

Answer 6

Characteristics of a mineral

Question 7

● Not a Mineral: Liquids and gases are not considered minerals.
● Not Man-Made: Minerals cannot be created artificially; they must form through natural processes.
● Non-Living: Minerals are not products of biological activity; they are formed geologically.

Answer 7

Clarifications for mineral

Question 8

MINERALS
Has a definite chemical
composition; minerals are
inorganic compounds.
ROCKS
Does not have a definite
chemical composition

Answer 8

CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION

Question 9

MINERALS
Zinc, potassium, iron, sodium,
fluoride
ROCKS
Limestone, Basalt, Coal,
Claystone

Answer 9

EXAMPLES

Question 10

MINERALS:
MINERALOGY
ROCKS :
PETROLOGY

Answer 10

STUDY

Question 11

MINERALS
Minerals help in bone and
tooth formation, blood
coagulation and muscle
contraction.
ROCKS
shelter and foundation

Answer 11

FUNCTIONS IN
BIOLOGY

Question 12

MINERALS
color is usually the same
ROCKS
color is not the same

Answer 12

COLOR

Question 13

MINERALS
No fossils
ROCKS
Some have fossils

Answer 13

FOSSILS

Question 14

• Color
• Streak
• Luster
• Crystal form
• Hardness
• Cleavage
• Fracture
• Density

Answer 14

Minerals

Question 15

●Geometric arrangement of planar faces that bound a crystal
●Habit or form is the external expression of a mineral that reflects the orderly internal arrangement of atoms
●Distinctive shape or outward appearance of a particular mineral
pyrite

Answer 15

Crystal Habit or Form

Question 16

_____________ when a mineral break along a flat, smooth surface

_________ when a mineral breaks along an irregular surface

Answer 16

Cleavage
Fracture

Question 17

Mineral does not exhibit cleavage, it breaks or fracture in an irregular manner.

Answer 17

FRACTURE

Question 18

• Silicate tetrahedra can combine in several ways
to form many common minerals
• Typical cations:
K+
, Ca+
, Na+
, Mg2+, Al3+, Fe2+

Answer 18

Silicate structure

Question 19

– Most abundant minerals in the Earth’s crust
– Silicate ion (tetrahedron), SiO4
4

Answer 19

SILICATES

Question 20

– Compounds of metallic cations and oxygen
– have oxygen (O2-) as their anion. They don’t include anion groups with other elements, such as the carbonate (CO32-), sulphate (SO42-), and silicate (SiO44-) anion groups.
– Important for many metal
ores needed to make things (e.g. , iron, chromium, titanium)
– Ores are economically useful
(i.e., possible to mine)
mineral deposits

Answer 20

Oxides

Question 21

– is the main component of rocks formed in ancient seas by organisms such as corals and algae
– Make up many common rocks including limestone and marble

Answer 21

Carbonates

Question 22

Hematite Fe2O3
Magnetite Fe3O4
Limonite 2Fe2O3 3H2O
Corundum Al2O3
Bauxite Al2O3 2H₂O
Aluminum ore

Answer 22

OXIDE MINERALS

Question 23

Calcite CaCO3
Siderite FeCO3
Magnesite MgCO3
Dolomite (Ca,Mg)CO3
Malachite Cu2CO3(OH)2
Azurite CU3(CO3)2(OH)2

Answer 23

CARBONATE MINERALS

Question 24

– Metallic cations with sulfide (S2-) ion
– include galena, sphalerite,
chalcopyrite, and molybdenite, which are the most important ores of lead, zinc, copper, and molybdenum, respectively.
– Sulphide minerals tend to
have a metallic sheen.
– Important for ores ofbcopper, zinc, nickel, lead,iron
– Pyrite (FeS2), galena(PbS)

Answer 24

Sulfides

Question 25

Galena PbS Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Sphalerite ZnS Molybdenite MoS2 Pyrite FeS2 Bornite CuFeS4 Arsenopyrite FeAsS Stibnite Sb2S3

Answer 25

SULPHIDE MINERALS

Question 26

Anhydrite CaSO4 Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O Barite BaSO4 Celestite SrSO4

Answer 26

SULPHATE MINERALS

Question 27

•1,000 feet depth in the silver and lead Naica Mine •150 degrees, with 100 % humidity •4-ft diameter columns 50 ft length

Answer 27

Gypsum Cave of the Crystals

Question 28

– The anions in __________ are the halogen elements including chlorine, fluorine, and bromine. – Examples of ______ minerals are cryolite, fluorite, and halite – Halide minerals are made of ionic bonds. Like the sulfates, some halides also form when mineral-rich water evaporates.

Answer 28

Halides

Question 29

●Apatite Ca5(PO4)3 (F,CI, OH) ●Turquoise CuAls (PO4)4(OH)8 4H2O

Answer 29

PHOSPHATE MINERALS

Question 30

are composed of positively charged metal ions joined with phosphate (PO43-) ions.

Answer 30

Phosphate Minerals

Question 31

minerals composed of only one element.

Answer 31

Native Elements

Question 32

Sulfur (S) Diamond (C) Graphite (C) Gold(Au) Silver (Ag) Copper (Cu) Platinum (Pt)

Answer 32

Native Elements Minerals

Question 33

Quote

Answer 33

"Like the Philippines, you are rich in untapped potential, waiting to shine. It's time to break free from the hurdles, ignite that inner drive, and rise above limitations."

Question 34

Quote abt Philippines

Answer 34

THE PHILIPPINES HAS ALL THE POTENTIAL BUT IT’S JUST NOT ABLE TO USE IT FULLY DUE TO MANY HURDLES, THE LACK OF DRIVE & OF COURSE, OUR RIDICULOUS GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM. IT IS A RICH COUNTRY PRETENDING TO BE POOR.

Question 35

About ____________ of land areas in the Philippines is deemed as possible areas for metallic minerals. About ____________ of land areas is identified as having high mineral potential, according to MGB.

Answer 35

30 million hectares 9 million hectares

Question 36

The Philippines metal deposit is estimated at ___________ and non-metallic minerals are at _______________, as of 2012.

Answer 36

21.5 billion metric tons 19.3 billion metric tons

Question 37

The mining industry’s contribution to the country’s GDP is at ______. The contribution of minerals and mineral products to the country’s total exports is at ________ non-metallic mineral manufacturers. The total export value for 2020–2022 was US$18.7 billion or 8.51% of the country’s total exports.

Answer 37

0.6% 4% and 0.3% for

Question 38

The Philippines is the _______ most mineral-rich country in the world for gold, nickel, copper, and chromite. It is home to the largest copper-gold deposit in the world. The Mines and Geosciences Bureau has estimated that the country has an estimated _______ worth of untapped mineral wealth.

Answer 38

FIFTH $840 billion

Question 39

THE PHILIPPINES IS ONE OF THE WORLD’S MOST RICHLY ENDOWED MINERAL RESOURCES COUNTRIES. IT IS ESTIMATED TO HAVE ABOUT ________ WORTH OF UNTAPPED COPPER, GOLD, NICKEL, ZINC AND SILVER RESERVES. ONLY _____ OF THESE RESERVES HAVE BEEN EXPLORED, AND _____ ARE COVERED BY MINING CONTRACTS.

Answer 39

$1 TRILLION 5% 3%