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MD1 SF3 - EXAM 2 > Les Zoonoses > Flashcards

Les Zoonoses Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

What is prévalence?

A

all old and new cases of an illness

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2
Q

What is incidence?

A

only the new cases of an illnesses (shows the risk)

can cause epidemics if the incidence increases above what is normally found in a population

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3
Q

What is an epidemic called when its in animals?

A

Épizootie

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4
Q

What is an endemic?

A

(of a disease or condition) regularly found among particular people or in a certain area

In animals: enzootie

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5
Q

What is a zoonose?

A

Toute infection naturellement transmissible entre un animal et l’humain

Can be direct transmission of through a vector (water, food, insect)

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6
Q

What is an anthropozoonose?

A

une maladie ou infection qui se transmet naturellement des animaux vertébrés à l’être humain

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7
Q

What is a zooanthroponose?

A

maladie ou infection qui se transmet naturellement de l’homme aux animaux vertébrés

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8
Q

What infectious agents are responsible for zoonoses?

A

Bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, unconventional infectious agents (ex: prions —> Mad Cow disease)

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9
Q

What is a maladie infectieuse émergeante?

A

infection don’t l’incidence s’est accrue depuis les derniers 20 ans et qui menacent de continuer à s’accroître

Have practically quadruples since 1960 —> 20% caused by resistance to treatment, 60-70% are zoonoses

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10
Q

Maladies infectieuses émergeants are usually associated with what? (3 things)

A
  1. Évolution des microbes: virulence, résistance, adaptation à un nouvel hôte (franchir la “barrière des espèces”)
  2. Perturbations de l’environnement: habitat, climat, agriculture intensive
  3. Perturbations de l’hôte: age, immunosuppressed population
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11
Q

What is a primary host?

A

a host that naturally allows an infectious agent to multiply which aids in its transmission to another host

It’s an important reservoir for the disease

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12
Q

What is a secondary host?

A

un hôte qui héberge un agent infectieux de façon transitoire

sometimes required to assure the development/maturation of infectious agent to complete the infectious cycle

if not required… can work as occasional hosts or as reservoirs

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13
Q

What is a “terminal” host?

A

secondary host that is unable to transmit the infectious agent to a primary host which stops the propagation of the infectious cycle

usually humans in the case of emerging zoonoses

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14
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

Ecological system in which a zoonotic agent indefinitely survives

such as:

  • secondary hosts, vectors, biotope (milieu de vie du pathogène)
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15
Q

What diseases are not considered zoonoses?

A

Malaria (Plasmodium faciparum), schistosomiase (snail fever), onchocercose

no longer considered zoonoses because humans are now the primary host necessary for their infectious cycle

the “barrière inter-espèce” was crossed a long time ago

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16
Q

Common diseases that are no longer zoonoses:

A

Started as zoonoses… now primarily through spread interhuman contact

COVID, diphtheria, influenza, certain forms of the common cold, measles, smallpox, HIV-AIDS, tuberculosis

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17
Q

Anamnesis for zoonoes?

A

VOLCANS

Voyages

Occupations

Loisirs

Contacts

Animaux

Nourriture

Sexe

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18
Q

Système touché par brucellose

A

blood

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19
Q

Agent infectieux de brucellose

A

Brucella sp.

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20
Q

Reservoir for brucellose

A

Bovines, ovines, caprins, canines

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21
Q

Transmission de brucellose

A

Direct contact, aerosol, food

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22
Q

Système touché par campylobactériose

A

intestines

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23
Q

Agent infectieux de campylobactériose

A

Campylobacter sp.

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24
Q

Reservoir de campylobactériose

A

birds

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25
Transmission de campylobactériose
food (raw meat and milk)
26
Système touché par Fièvre Q
cardiovascular and respiratory
27
Agent infectieux du fièvre Q
*Coxiella burnetii*
28
Reservoir du fièvre Q
bovines, ovines, caprines, canines, felines
29
Transmission du fièvre Q
aerosol and direct contact
30
Système touché par *Yersinia* gastroenteritis:
intestines
31
Agent infectieux de *Yersinia* gastroenteritis:
*Yersinia enterocolitica* (psychotroph)
32
Reservoir du *Yersinia* gastroenteritis:
porcine, canines, felines
33
Transmission du *Yersinia* gastroenteritis:
food and feces
34
Système touché par leptospirose
kidneys, liver, SNC
35
Agent infectieux du leptospirose
*Leptospira sp.*
36
Reservoir du leptospirose
Mostly rats, bovines, and porcines
37
Transmission du leptospirose
direct contact, urine, water, bites
38
Système touché par listériose
blood, SNC, digestive
39
Agent infectieux du listériose
*Listeria monocytogenes* (psychrotroph)
40
Reservoir du listériose
divers
41
Transmission du listériose
food, water, direct contact
42
Système touché par "Maladie du hamburger" → E. coli gastroenteritis
Intestines, kidneys
43
Agent infectieux du "Maladie du hamburger" → E. coli gastroenteritis
Escherichia coli that produce shigatoxin (O157:H7 and some other serotypes)
44
Reservoir du "Maladie du hamburger" → E. coli gastroenteritis
Bovines
45
Transmission du "Maladie du hamburger" → E. coli gastroenteritis
food and feces
46
Systems touched of Lyme disease:
cutaneous, articulations, divers
47
Infectious agent that causes lyme disease
*Borrelia burgdorferi*
48
Reservoir for lyme disease
mice, rodents, deer
49
Mode of transmission of lyme disease
ticks
50
Système touché par salmonelle
intestines
51
Agent infectieux du salmonelle
*Salmonella sp.*
52
Reservoir du salmonelle
reptiles, mammals, poultry
53
Transmission du salmonelle
food
54
Système touché par tularemie
cutaneous, respiratory, blood, lymphatic, digestive
55
Agent infectieux du tularemie
*Francisella tularensis*
56
Reservoir du tularemie
rodents, hares, muskrat, canines
57
Transmission du tularemie
direct contact, food, insects/ticks, bites, water?
58
Système touché par babesia
blood
59
Agent infectieux du babesia
*Babesia microti*
60
Reservoir du babesia
mammals
61
Transmission du babesia
Ticks
62
Système touché par cryptospridose
intestines
63
Agent infectieux du cryptosporidose
*Cryptosporidium sp.* (cholorotolérant)
64
Reservoir du cryptosporidiose
bovines, ovines, cerfs
65
Mode de transmission du cryptosporidiose
feces and water
66
Système touché par giardia
intestines
67
Agent infectieux du giardia
*Giardia lamblia* (chlorotolérant)
68
Reservoir du giardia
beaver, rodents, bovines, cefs, canines, felines
69
Transmission du giardia
Water and feces
70
Système touché par la rage
SNC
71
Agent infectieux de la rage
*Lyssavirus*
72
Reservoir de la rage
canines, bats, felines, etc.
73
Transmission de la rage
Bites, saliva
74
Système touché par "Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome"
respiratoire
75
Agent infectieux du Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome:
*Hantavirus*
76
Reservoir du Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome:
rodents
77
Transmission du Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome:
feces and aerosol
78
Stats on "maladies à déclaration obligatoire" #1
79
Stats on "maladies à déclaration obligatoire" #2
80
Stats on "maladies à déclaration obligatoire" #3
81
Etiology and transmission of Lyme disease
Borrelia bugdoferi from 1975-1985 in Lyme, Connecticut Spirochetes 3% infection risk after each tick bite but infection rate grows with the time the tick is attached (low \<36 hours)
82
What is the principal reservoir of Lyme disease?
White footed mouse
83
What is the principal vector of Lyme disease?
*Ixodes* ticks
84
Cycle de vie des tiques:
Triphasique: oeufs —\> 1. larva 2. nymphe 3. adult —\> oeufs
85
What species of ticks are associated with Lyme disease?
Ixodes: Lyme, babesiosis, ehrlichiosis
86
How to remove ticks?
**DO NOT use fingers or nails... remove with a sharp object like tweezers** Hold tick by its head (hard part) with the tweezer as close as possible to the skin Pull vertically (lightly), without twisting or swuishing Wash skin and hands once tick is removed Place tick in hermetically sealed container and consult a doctor who can analyze the tick for presence of Lyme
87
What are the 3 stages of Lyme disease?
1. **Localized (précoce)** 2. **Disséminé précoce** 3. **Disséminé tardif** A "tardive/persistante/chronique" form is currently in discussion Post-treatment sx are reported in 5-20% of pts
88
What is stage 1?
début de l'infection avant dissémination des bactéries 60-80% of pts have an expanding erythema migrans with nodule
89
What is stage 2?
Dissemination of bacteria through the blood —\> couple days to 6 months after the initial bite ## Footnote **sometimes accompanied by systematic sx such as: fever, fatigue, localized adenopathies, atteinte cardiaque/neurologique (déficit moteur/sensitif)**
90
What is stage 3?
Complication of preceding stage... appears months later Usually leads to problems with articulations esp. arthritis of the knees
91
What is erythema migrans?
2-30 days after tick bite (usually 7-14) 2/3 pts develop these lesions that are generally asymptomatic and circular, oval, or triangular Their size quickly increases up to a diameter \> 5cm and are present for at least 48hr
92
Clinical manifestations, dx, tx, and prophylaxis of Lyme
**Usually the "tableau clinique" isn't enough to establish a dx... serology usually necessary (ELISA or IFA) and epidemiology of area must be looked at**
93
Where do most cases of Lyme in Quebec come from?
**Eastern Townships/Southern Quebec** 2016: 179 cases, 70% acquired in Quebec → 60% Estrie, 30% Montérégie 2017: 328 cases, 76% acquired in Quebec → 85% in Estrie/Montérégie 2019: 500 cases, 76% acquired in Quebec
94
At risk population for Lyme:
People who live/work in areas with forests, high grass → moderate risk Biking, walks in areas with known ticks
95
Rx used to treat Lyme:
**Stades localisés/disséminés précoces**: doxycycline or amoxicillin for 2-3 weeks **Disséminé tardif**: ceftriaxone or penicillin for 4 weeks, arthritis can be treated with methotrexate or hydroxychloroquine
96
What preventative measures should be taken to protect yourself from ticks?
Avoid favourable habitats (shade, long grass) Wear clothing that covers arms and legs Using bug spray (DEET 30% \> 12 ans, Icaridine 20% \> 6 months) Cutaneous exams and tick extraction **Can prescribe prophylactic ATBs if very high suspicion of bite from infected tick**
97
Should prophylactic antibiotherapy be used?
Not usually recommended after tick bite in Quebec... can be used in cases of bites from zones where risk is higher in Quebec, or endemic zones in the US, Europe, or other parts of Canada
98
Lyme -\> MADO?
**LYME DISEASE HAS BEEN A MADO SINCE 2003 → MALADIE À DÉCLARATION OBLIGATOIRE but it is still under reported**
99
Etiology and transmission of rabies
Lyssavirus Can only be transmitted by mammals
100
What are the principal reservoirs of rabies?
Skunks, raccoons, bats (NA), foxes, DOGS!
101
How is rabies transmitted?
Contact with saliva, LCR, and nervous tissue, bites, scratches, possible aerosol transmission
102
Rabies on a global scale:
**150 countries are affected by rabies** 2000 → 55k people died of rabies 2015 → estimated to be around 59k **Where?** * Mostly in Asia and Africa, and in the Americas in Haiti
103
How has rabies been so well controlled in N.A?
Vaccination campaigns for dogs → "Zéro d'ici 2030" et "un monde, une santé" ## Footnote **Important to focus on vet services, public health, and education to prevent rabies**
104
What are the clinical manifestations of a rabies infection?
Incubation for 5 days to 3 months... in some cases up to 2 years 1. **Phase prodrome**: fever, headaches, malaise, irritability, anorexia (4-10 days) 2. **Later** leads to agitation, snoring, confusion, paralysis, and muscular spasm 3. and **later** convulsions and cardiac arrhythmia that lead to coma and death **Death usually occurs 2 to 10 days after first symptoms. Survival is almost unknown once symptoms have presented, even with intensive care**
105
How is rabies dx?
Immunofluorescence directe (corps de Negri) sur les biopsies, RT-PCR is now the "méthode de choix"
106
What is hydrophobia?
Sx of rabies infection... **Mostly in humans.. fear of water → two forms** 1. Forme paralytique 2. Forme furieuse
107
How to treat rabies post-exposition?
Treat plaies (clean) as soon as possible Administer a series of doses of the rabies vaccine according to WHO Administer antirabic immunoglobulin if indicated **Ideally all of these things must be done in the hours following contact**
108
What are the three types of contact (vaccination criteria set by WHO)?
**Type 1:** contact with animal * _(pas d'exposition, pas d'intervention)_ **Type 2**: mordillement de la peau nue, griffures ou égratignures superficielles sans saignement * (_traitement de la plaie, vaccination immédiate)_ **Type 3**: morsures ou griffures uniques/multiples ayant traversé le derme, léchage sur peau lésée, contamination des muqueuses par la salive après léchage, exposition à des chauve-souris (contact+salive) → * _(traitement de la plaie, vaccination immédiate, administration d'immunoglobuline antirabique)_

MD1 SF3 - EXAM 2 (12 decks)

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