Lesson 1 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
coined pharmacognosy
A
johann adam schmidt
2
Q
Manuscript of Johann adam Schmidt
A
Lehrbuch der Materia Medica
3
Q
Year Lehrbuch der materia medica is published
A
1811(Vienna)
4
Q
Manuscript done by C.A Seydler which introduced Pharmacognosy
A
Analecta Pharmacognostica
5
Q
Year and placed when the manuscript Analecta pharmacognostica is published?
A
1815/Haale-Saale, Germany
6
Q
He stated the comprehensive scope of Pharmacognosy as a simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view
A
Fluckiger
7
Q
An applied science that deals with the biologic biochemical & economic features of natural drugs that originate from plants and animal kingdoms (Flukiger)
A
Pharmacognosy
8
Q
they made clay models of man
A
Babylonians
9
Q
Made paper scrolls
A
Egyptians
10
Q
egyptian medical papyrus of herbal knowledge.Among the oldest and most important medical papyri in ancient Egypt
A
Ebers papyrus
11
Q
He purchase Ebers papyrus at Luxor(Thebes) in the winter of 1873-1874
A
Georg Ebers
12
Q
Drugs that is seen in ebers papyrus
A
Hemlock,Aconite,Opium
13
Q
The oldest surviving complete medical system in the world. Derived from its Sanskrit roots-“ayus” life; “ved” knowledge
A
Ayurveda
14
Q
It is a comprehensive outlook to a healthy life.
A
Ayurveda
15
Q
Prepared famous oath for physicians. Father of medicine
A
Hippocrates
16
Q
Imp. fluids in the body according to Hippocrates?
A
Blood and Bile
17
Q
Greek physician who wrote De materia medica which described about 600 plants that was known to have medicinal properties.
A
Dioscorides
18
Q
Medicinal plants seen in De materia medica
A
Ergot,Belladona,Aloe,Colchicum,Opium
19
Q
Accdg. to Paracelsus,It is the stone of immortality
A
Opium
20
Q
French pharmacist that isolated Quinine and caffeine
A
Joseph Caventou
21
Q
French Pharmacist that isolated codeine
A
Pierre Robiquet
22
Q
German pharmacist that isolated morphine.
A
Serturner
23
Q
Most important opium alkaloid
A
morphine
24
Q
German Pharmacist that isolated Hyoscyamine and Noscapine
A
Rudolf Brandes
25
2 German pharmacists that isolated atropine
Rudolf Brandes+Philipp Geiger
26
German pharmacist that isolated Salicin and nicotine
Johannes Buchner
27
American surgeon that isolated cocaine
Carl Koller
28
Prototye anticholinergic dx
Atropine
29
First used as local anaesthetic but least used today due to its addictive property
Cocaine
30
Swiss scientist that isolated Lysergic acid diethylamide(LSD)
Albert Hoffman
31
It is the most potent hallucinogen
Lysergic acid diethylamide
32
Medicinal material,is synonymous with the substances and products derived from natural sources and employed by physician in old days.
Materia medica
33
Are substances whether natural or synthetic having therapeutic or medicinal properties and chiefly used as medicines or an ingredient in medicines
Drugs
34
Plants that grow in their native countries
Indigenous plant
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Plants that grown in a foreign land or in a locality other than their native homes
Naturalized plants
36
Whole plants and animals and anatomical parts.
Crude drugs
37
Have not undergone any process or treatment other than collection and drying
Crude drugs
38
Chief principles/constituents.Substances or mixture of substances present in crude drugs which are separated by various means and are employed in a more specific manner
Derivatives/Extractives
39
Extraction Processes:
Assay,boilin/decoction/percolation,maceration
40
To soak in a solvent in 24-48-72 hours.
Maceration
41
Solid part to be discarded.
Marc
42
Liquid part; contains the active constituents
Menstruum
43
Best solvent to extract resin
Alcohol
44
Best solvent to extract chlorophyll
Acetone
45
Best solvent to extract solanin
acetic acid
46
Best solvent to extract chrysarobin
Hot benzene
47
Best solvent to extract fats
Hexane
48
method that makes use of the 5 senses
Organoleptic evaluation
49
Makes use of microscopic details
Microscopic evaluation
50
Makes use of physical constant(sg,boiling point,refractive index)
Physical evaluation
51
makes use of instrument such as hplc, chromatography,spectroscopy to determine specific functional group of natural drugs
Instrumental evaluation
52
Makes use of test reagent for chemical synthesis to identify chemical synthesis to identify chemical constituent of natural products
Chemical evaluation
53
Determine the effectiveness of the plant constituent to biological being in-vivo/in-vitro
Biological evaluation/bioassay
54
Digitalis
pigeon
55
insulin
Rabbit (HPLC)
56
Glucagon
Cat
57
Oxytocin
Chicken
58
Vassopressin
Male rat
59
Corticotropin
rat
60
Tubocurarine inj.
Rabbit (HPLC)
61
HCG
female rats
62
heparin & protamine
sheep blood plasma
63
Cod liver oil
Rachitic rat
64
Parathyroid hormone
dogs
65
preparation of drugs for commercial market
collection,drying,garbling,packaging,storage and preservation
66
process of collecting plants properly in accordance with time of harvesting and proper handling. For small scale
Collection
67
Pectin
citrus fruits
68
unripe fruits
protopectin
69
Just ripe:
| Overripe:
pectin
| pectic acid
70
Marijuana young leaves
cannabidiol
71
mature leaves of marijuana
cannabinol (THC)
72
Specific or proper season. for large scale
Harvesting
73
For potent substances
manual harvesting
74
Use of pickers,mowers
mechanical harvesting
75
removes sufficient moisture
drying
76
special drying process that enhances the properties of the active constituents
Curing
77
Final step in preparation of a crude drug.Removal of extraneous matter(dirt,adulterants)
Garbling
78
Simplest method of protecting drugs against attacks by insects and other form of destruction
Expose to temperature of 65 deg. C
79
Plants with many botanical features in common. Names end in -aceae
Family
80
Divided which group of plants within the family that have some significant botanical differences. Names end in -oideae
Subfamily
81
Part of the plant name that is most familiar
genus
82
Group of drugs accdg. to their pharmacological action of their most important constituent of their therapeutic use
Pharmacological/Therapeutic classification
83
Crude drugs that are classified depending upon the active constituent.
Chemical Classification
84
Study of the biochemical pathways leading to formation of secondary constituents
Drug Biosynthesis/Biogenesis
85
Biosynthesis of aromatic aa (Y,W,F). Metabolic pathway that is only common in plants
Shikimic acid Pathway
86
What is the starting molecules in shikimic pathway
Erythrose-4-Phosphate+Phosphoenylpyruvate
87
Biosynthesis of steroids
acetate mevalonate derived compounds
88
formed via the acetic mevalonic acid pathway
Terpene derivatives
89
formed via the shikimic acid phenylpropanoid route
aromatic compounds
90
Increase concentration of constituents with age. Age of development
Ontogeny
91
intentional addition of adulterants
sophistication
92
careless addition of adulterants
admixture
93
Different substance from labeled claim.
Substitution
94
Misinterpretation of activity or purity due to intentional or unintentional procedures.
deterioration
95
partially decomposed,wormy or rancid drugs
spoilage
96
active constituents is below standard
Inferiority
97
Obtained from direct parts of the plants and containing cellular tissues
organized drug
98
obtained from plants by physical processes such as incision,drying or extraction and does not contain cellular tissues
Unorganized drug
99
Cause chemical changes in the preparation
Pharmaceutically active
100
responsible for the therapeutic activity
Pharmacologically active
101
No definite pharmacologic activity. (Excipients,Adjuvants)
Inert constituents
102
Extracted,crystallized and purified;presence of inert matter which may modify or prevent absorbability or potency AC.
Secondary plant substance,secondary metabolite
103
first product of photosynthesis
CArbohydrates (glucose)
104
1g lipids
9kcal
105
1g Carbo.
4 kcal
106
1 g alcohol
7 kcal
107
diagnostic agent for intestinal absorption
xylose
108
obtained from boiling corn cobs with diluted acid to hydrolyze the xylan polymer
xylose
109
food for diabetics
fructose/levulose/fruit sugar
110
ingredient in infant feeding formula
fructose
111
use as nutrient and flavorant
Glucose/Dextrose
112
used as osmotic diuretic for hydrocephalus
mannose
113
found in chewing gums and toothpaste
sorbitol
114
plant source of sorbitol
Sorbus aucuparia
115
aka mt. Ash and D-glucitol
sorbitol
116
from ergot and yeast
trehalose
117
Gb of trehalose
alpha 1,1 Gb
118
milk left after separation of cream
skimmed milk
119
liquid separated from coagulum
whey
120
proper treatment of coagulum
cheese
121
produced by the alkaline rearrangement of lactose
lactulose
122
brand name of lactulose?
Duphalac
123
temporary storage form of photosynthetic product in plants
starch
124
most widely distributed organic compound in plants
starch
125
pancreatic juice and saliva
B-amylase
126
hydrolyzes starch to maltose
A-amylase
127
mechanical or chemical process to rupture all parts of granules in the presence of water
Pregelatinized starch
128
tablet disintegrant
sodium starch Glycolate
129
semisynthetic material used as plasma expander at 6 % conc.
Hetastarch
130
It is well known to be animal starch ,storage form of carbohydrates in animals
glycogen
131
aka hydrous inulin,used to measure GFR
Inulin
132
used as microbial culture media
Inulin
133
not digested by mammalian enzyme system because they lack cellulase
cellulose
134
most abundant organic matter
cellulose
135
plant source of purified of cotton
Gossypium hirsutum
136
Male contraceptive
Gossypol
137
have spermicidal property
purified cotton
138
used as binder and disintegrant
Powdered cellulose
139
purified,mechanically disintegrated cellulose used as a self-binding tablet diluent and disintegrating agent
powdered cellulose
140
Diluent(avicel)
microcrystalline cellulose
141
bleached regenerated cellulose
Purified rayon
142
12.5% titanium dioxide
purified rayon
