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PH BIOCHEM > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

the study of the chemical substances and processes that occur in plants, animals, and microorganisms and of the changes they undergo during development and life.

A

BIOCHEMISTRY

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2
Q

It deals with the chemistry of life, and as such it draws on the techniques of analytical, organic, and physical chemistry, as well as those of physiologists concerned with the molecular basis of vital processes.

A

BIOCHEMISTRY

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3
Q

All chemical changes within the organism—either the degradation of substances, generally to gain necessary energy, or the buildup of complex molecules necessary for life processes.

A

METABOLISM

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4
Q

These chemical changes depend on the action of organic catalysts known as

A

ENZYMES

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5
Q

The ultimate goal of biochemistry

A

EXPLAIN ALL LIFE PROCESSES IN MOLECULAR DETAIL

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6
Q

the study of the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living organisms; Biological Chemistry; Physiological Chemistry.

A

BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEM

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7
Q

Processes occurring under Normal Conditions

A

PHYSIOLOGICAL

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8
Q

Those arising under Abnormal Conditions are ____. They fall under CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY.

A

PATHOLOGICAL

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9
Q

employ the techniques and theories of chemistry to probe the molecular basis of life.

they have established, among other things, the principles that underlie energy transfer in cells, the chemical structure of cell membranes, the coding and transmission of hereditary information, muscular and nerve function, and biosynthetic pathways.

A

BIOCHEMISTS

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10
Q

the study of compounds of carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives. Because the cellular apparatus of living organisms is made up of carbon compounds, biomolecules are part of the subject matter of organic chemistry.

A

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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11
Q

determined by comparisons of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences that it is possible to construct a highly accurate tree of life showing the evolutionary relationship between all life forms.

A

CARL WOESE

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12
Q

One of the most important enzymes used in modern biochemistry laboratories

A

TAQ POLYMERASE

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13
Q

Taq polymerase enzyme is derived from the Archaean species ___

A

Thermus Aquaticus

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14
Q

the lowest level of structure capable of performing ALL the activities of life.

A

CELL

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15
Q

The first cells were observed and named by_____ in _____ from the slice of cork.

A

ROBERT HOOKE ; 1665

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16
Q

who proposed the cell theory

A

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN and THEODOR SCHWANN in 1839

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17
Q

Some organisms consist of a single cells = unicellular organisms, called

A

PROKARYOTES

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18
Q

multicellular aggregates of specialized cells

A

EUKARYOTES

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19
Q

Types of Cell

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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20
Q

size of cells which can be visualized by a light microscope

A

1 to 100 um in diameter

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21
Q

Types of Microscopes

A

Light Microscope
Electron Microscope

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22
Q

visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses

A

Light Microscope

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23
Q

the ratio of an object to its real size

A

Magnification

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24
Q

Magnification of Light Microscope

A

x1000

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25
The measure of image clarity The minimum distance two points can be separated and still viewed as two separate points
Resolving Power
26
Limited by the shortest wavelength of light- one-half of the wavelength used
Resolution
27
The minimum resolution of Light Microscope
About 2 microns, the size of a small bacteria
28
It focuses a beam of electrons through specimen or onto its surface
Electron Microscope
29
Resolution of modern Electron Microscope
0.1 nm but practical limit is about 2 mm
30
Study the internal ultrastructure of cells ; 2D Electron beam was aimed through the thin section of specimen
Transmission Electron Microscope
31
Study the surface structure of the cell; 3D Sample surface is covered with the thin film of gold
Scanning Electron Microscope
32
to separate the cells for functional study
Cell Fractionation
33
The disrupted cells are centrifugated at different speed and duration to fractionate components of different species
Cell Fractionation
34
It prepares the quantities of specific cell components/organelles for functional analysis, referred to as BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES
Cell Fractionation
35
The major tool in cytology
Microscope
36
The study of molecules and chemical processes in metabolism, developed Modern Cell Biology
Cytology
37
Are bounded by Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane/Plasmalemma
Cells
38
Semifluid substance within the membrane that contains the organelles
Cytosol
39
Responsible for protein synthesis and all cells have this
Ribosomes
40
The DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid without a membrane separating it from the rest of the cell
Prokaryotic Cells
41
Chromosomes are contained in a membrane-bound organelle, the nucleus
Eukaryotic Cells
42
The semi permeable membrane that separates the cytoplasm from its extracellular environment
Plasma Membrane
43
Functions as a selective barrier that allows the passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes for the whole volume of the cell
Plasma Membrane
44
Cell contents outside the nucleus
Cytoplasm
45
The fluid part of the cytoplasm. It is the transparent fluid suspending other structures
Cytosol
46
Small structures in the cytoplasm
Organelles
47
The control center of the cell, contains the genetic material
Nucleus
48
the site of ribosome assembly
Nucleoli
49
Part of a nucleus that is made up of dna and protein
Chromatin
50
The nucleus averages about how many microns in diameter
5
51
A region of densely stained fibers and granules adjoining chromatin
Nucleolus
52
The subunits pass from the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm where they combine to form __
Ribosomes
53
Particles consisting of proteins and ribosomal RNA
Ribosomes
54
Structurally identical and can alternate between the two roles
Bound and Free Ribosomes
55
In cytosol - synthesize proteins that function within the cytosol
Free Ribosomes
56
Are attached to the outside of the Endoplasmic Reticulum or Nuclear Envelope
Bound Ribosomes
57
The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell
The Endomembrane System
58
The Golgi Apparatus is AKA:
Dictyosomes
59
consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called Cisternae. (a reservoir for a liquid)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
60
Synthesis of Lipid (oils, phospholipids, and steroids); glycogen metabolism in the liver cells; detoxification of drugs and poisons; store calcium for muscle contraction
Smooth ER
61
Ribosomes are attached to the outside -is abundant in cells that secrete protein - synthesis secretory proteins, cell membrane protein and organelle protein; synthesis of phospholipids and ER associated protein
Rough ER
62
major sites for carbohydrate synthesis
Golgi Apparatus
63
contain hydrolytic enzymes (required acidic pH) to digest proteins, polysaccharides, fats, and nucleic acids (if those hydrolases leak out of the lysosomes, they are not likely to do damage unless the cells become acidic)
Lysosomes
64
are made by rough ER and transferred to the Golgi for processing - lysosomal membranes are highly glycosylated to protect them from lysosomal proteases
Lysosome enzymes and membranes
65
process in which cells recycle their own organic material -the organelles are fused with a lysosome
Autophagy
66
􏰀Food particles engulfed as a food vacuole (Phagocytosis) or an Endosome (product of endocytosis) are fused with the lysosome.
67
formed by phagocytosis and digested by lysosomes
Food Vacuoles
68
pump excess water out of the cells.
Contractile Vacuoles
69
versatile compartment in plants
Central Vacuole
70
stores protein and metabolic by-products, a reservoir of inorganic ions, and pigments
Vacuoles
71
Both are energy transformers of cells
Mitochondria and Chloroplast
72
Mitochondria = Chloroplast =
Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis
73
Both are not part of the endomembrane system -most of their proteins are synthesized by the free ribosomes in the cytosol -a few of the proteins are synthesized from their own ribosomes
Mitochondria and Chloroplast
74
Both organelles contain small quantity of DNA that direct the synthesis of polypeptides produced by the internal ribosomes
Mitochondria and Chloroplast
75
1-10 μm long; some cells contain a single large____ but most cells contain several of this -enclosed by two membrane: outer and inner membrane with different permeability
Mitochondria
76
fold inner membrane to increase the surface area
Cristae
77
one of the generalized plant structure called plastids, found in mesophyll cells of the leaves and in algae 2-4 μm wide and 5-10 μm long
Chloroplast
78
matrix of mitochondria; *ds circular DNA; *70S ribosomes 􏰀enzyme for carbohydrate biosynthesis
Stroma
79
contain photosynthetic machinery of the chloroplast:
Thylakoids
80
single membrane -contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrate to oxygen and produce H2O2as intermediate product
Peroxisomes
81
Specialized peroxisomes (found in fat-storing tissues of plant seeds) convert fatty acid to sugar which can be used as energy for seedling.
Glyoxisomes
82
provide mechanical strength to the cell establish cell shape locomotion (several types of cell motility) intracellular transport of organelles
Cytoskeleton
83
A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
84
Three main types of fiber
Microtubules Microfilament Intermediate Filament
85
determine the positions of membrane enclosed organelles and intracellular transport
Microtubules
86
determine the shape of the cell and necessary for the whole cell locomotion
Microfilament
87
provides mechanical strength and resistance to shear stress
Intermediate Filament
88
requires interaction of the cytoskeleton with proteins called motor molecules in ATP dependent manner
Cell motility
89
Sliding of neighboring microtubules moves
Cilia and Flagella
90
In muscle contraction, motor molecules slide
Microfilaments
91
(microtubule-organizing center) 􏰀a region near the nucleus from which microtubules sprouts.
Centrosomes
92
each centrosome contains a pair of this -found in animal cells composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring
Centrioles
93
sweep mucus carrying trapped debris from the lungs
Cilia
94
has an undulating motion that generates force in the same direction as the flagellum’s axis.
Flagellum
95
works like oars. The alternating power and recovery strokes generating force in a direction perpendicu -lar to the cilium’s axis.
Cilia

PH BIOCHEM (1 decks)

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