lesson 1

Question 1

Deals with application of geology for a safe, stable, and economic design and construction of a civil engineering project

Answer 1

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

Question 2

Application of geological knowledge in planning, designing and construction of civil engineering project

Answer 2

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

Question 3

Deals with the earth sciences. Geology deals with the study of the Earth as a planet

Answer 3

GENERAL GEOLOGY

Question 4

Topographic Maps
Hydrological Maps
Geological Maps

Answer 4

PLANNING

Question 5

GEOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION JOBS

Answer 5

A. PLANNING
B. DESIGN
C. CONSTRUCTION

Question 6

Give details that are essential to understand relative merits and demerits of all the possible sites for the proposed structure. The presence of
nature of slopes, size, contours and depths of valleys and gorges and rate of change of elevation in various directions can be easily computed from such maps.

Answer 6

Topographic Maps

Question 7

Give details about the distribution and geometry of the surface water channels and also the occurrence and depth contours of ground water below the surface of the earth

Answer 7

Hydrological Maps

Question 8

Petrological characters and structural disposition of rock types as developed in the proposed area are depicted in geological maps. This gives
the engineer useful information regarding the fracturing and displacement
that the site rocks might have undergone in the past

Answer 8

Geological Maps

Question 9

This is the application of geological characters and conditions that finally dictate the broad contours of the engineering design of an engineering project, be it a high-rise building, road, bridge, dam or a tunnel, etc.

Answer 9

DESIGN

Question 10

Geological knowledge is applied, and it is of great value to an engineer to the selection and proper use of the right type of materials of construction derived from the natural bedrocks, soils, banks and beaches

Answer 10

CONSTRUCTION

Question 11

GEOLOGY IN WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

Answer 11

• Exploration and Development of water resources within areas.
• Land utilization in as best and aesthetic manner as possible for developing cities and towns for meeting social needs in different areas.
• In this effort, the primary aim is to derive maximum benefits from the natural
  environment with minimum disturbance.

Question 12

BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY

Answer 12

1. Physical Geology
2. Geomorphology
3. Minerology
4. Petrology
5. Historical Geology
6. Economic Geology

Question 13

It deals with the origin, development and ultimate fate of various surface features of the Earth and also with its internal structure.

Answer 13

PHYSICAL GEOLOGY

Question 14

Is a part of Physical Geology, deals specifically with the study of surface features of the Earth. Primarily on the Land surface.

Answer 14

GEOMORPHOLOGY

Question 15

The basic building units of which the solid crust of the earth is made up. Deals with
formation, occurrence, aggregation, properties and uses of minerals

Answer 15

MINEROLOGY

Question 16

Minerals occurring in natural aggregated form are call rocks. These rocks form the building blocks that make up the crust of earth. The rocks are themselves made up of minerals defined as building units.

Answer 16

PETROLOGY

Question 17

Deals with the past history of earth as deciphered from the study of rocks and features associated with them. Rocks may be treated as pages of the
Earth’s History.

Answer 17

HISTORICAL GEOLOGY

Question 18

This branch deals with the study of those minerals and rocks and other materials (fuels etc.) occurring on and in the earth that can be exploited for the benefit of man. This includes a wide variety of ores of all the metals and nonmetals, building stones, salt deposits, fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas
and atomic minerals)

Answer 18

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY

Question 19

EARTH STRUCTURE
AND ITS COMPOSITION

Answer 19

• In its shape, the Earth is commonly described as a spheroid.
• It has an equatorial diameter of 12757.776 km and a polar diameter of 12713.824 km.
• It has a mean density of 5.517 gm/cm^3
• Volume of 1.083x10^27 cm^3
• It has a mass of 5.975x10^27 g

Question 20

DIVISIONS FOR PART OF THE EARTH

Answer 20

ATMOSPHERE
LITHOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
BIOSPHERE
CONTINENTAL DRIFT
PLATE TECTONIC

Question 21

The outer gaseous part of the Earth starting from the surface and extending as fast as 700km and even beyond. It makes only about one-millionth part of the total mass of the Earth.

Answer 21

ATMOSPHERE

Question 22

LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE

Answer 22

• Trophosphere
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere

Question 23

It is the lowermost zone of the atmosphere rising from the surface of the earth and extending, on an average to a height of 11km.
Its upper boundary called tropopause lies at about 9km above the poles and at 18km above the equator.

Answer 23

TROPHOSPHERE

Question 24

It is the second layer of the atmosphere starting from the tropopause and extending up to an average height of 50km.

Answer 24

STRATOSPHERE

Question 25

The temperature becomes constant for a height of 20km (above tropopause) and then starts increasing.

Answer 25

STRATOSPHERE

Question 26

Starts at a height of 9km above the surface and continues up to 35km. The Maximum concentration of ozone in this layer is estimated at a height of 20-25km.

Answer 26

STRATOSPHERE OZONE LAYER (ito ans)

Question 27

This is the third thermal zone of atmosphere which begins at stratopause at about 50km above the surface and continues up to a height of about 80km.

Answer 27

MESOSPHERE

Question 28

The fourth and last zone of the atmosphere starts at about 80km and extends up to 500km and beyond.

Answer 28

THERMOSPHERE

Question 29

Specialized zone that starts from 80km and extends upwards to variable heights.

Answer 29

IONOSPHERE

Question 30

The region of atmosphere beyond 700km.

Answer 30

EXOSPHERE

Question 31

The most strongly ionized layer is located at the base of ionosphere and is designated as Delayers. It is also sometimes referred as Kennelly-Heaviside layer after the names of its discoverers

Answer 31

IONOSPHERE

Question 32

It is the stony part of the Earth (litho = stone) and it includes all the solid materials composing the Earth from the surface downwards

Answer 32

LITHOSPHERE

Question 33

It is a low-density and high temperature region with a minimum atomic collusions.

Answer 33

EXOSPHERE

Question 34

include only the uppermost shell of the earth, crust and a part of the second layer, the mantle, up to which the material exists in a definite solid state.

Answer 34

LITHOSPHERE

Question 35

It is the uppermost solid shell of the Earth which has varying thickness in different areas as follows: Under the Oceans : 5-6km Under the Continents : 30- 35km Under the Mountains : 60-70km

Answer 35

CRUST

Question 36

LAYERS OF LITHOSPHERE

Answer 36

* Crust * Mantle * Core

Question 37

Zone within the earth that starts from M-discontinuity and continues up to a depth of 2900km.

Answer 37

MANTLE

Question 38

made up of extremely basic material called aptly ultra basic, that is very rich in iron and magnesium but quite poor in silica.

Answer 38

MANTLE

Question 39

* Innermost structural shell of the Earth. It starts from 2900km below the surface and extends right up to the center, at a depth of 6370km.

Answer 39

CORE

Question 40

The liquid-like core extending from a depth of 2900km to about 4800km is often termed the outer core.

Answer 40

CORE

Question 41

Starting from 4800km and extending up to 6370km is unknown but definitely of solid character and with properties resembling a metallic body, it is called the inner core.

Answer 41

CORE

Question 42

may be made up of iron and nickel, alloyed in some yet unknown manner

Answer 42

CORE

Question 43

A collective name for all the natural water bodies occurring on or below the surface.

Answer 43

HYDROSPHERE

Question 44

More than 98% of the hydrosphere is made up of huge surface bodies of saline water called seas and oceans. The five oceans namely the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian, the Arctic, and the Antarctic ocean.

Answer 44

HYDROSPHERE

Question 45

This term is sometimes used to express the collective life form, as it exists on the surface and underwater

Answer 45

BIOSPHERE

Question 46

* The possible movement of the continents relative to one another in the geological past was first outlined at length by Alfred Wegener in 1912. * Wegener and others pointed out the similarity of coastlines of Africa and South America. He postulated a supercontinent to which he gave the name Pangaea. * Lands in the southern hemisphere including South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and peninsular India formed a large continent called Gondwanaland.

Answer 46

CONTINENTAL DRIFT

Question 47

came to be used to denote the processes involved in the movements and interactions of the plates (tectonic is derived from the Greek “tekton”, a builder) The movement of the plates concerning one another in three ways: 1. By one plate sliding past another along its margin 2. By two plates moving away from one another 3. By two plates moving together and one sliding underneath the edge of the other

Answer 47

PLATE TECTONICS