Lesson 1

Question 1

is the scientific study of behavior and men- tal processes.

Answer 1

Psychology

Question 2

a set of hypothesized statements about the relationships among events

Answer 2

Theory

Question 3

research conducted without concern for immediate applications

Answer 3

Pure Research

Question 4

research conducted in an effort to find solutions to particular problems

Answer 4

applied research

Question 5

help people with psycho- logical disorders adjust to the demands of life.

Answer 5

Clinical Psychologists

Question 6

use interviews and tests to define their clients’ problems. Their clients typically have adjustment problems but not serious psychological disorders.

Answer 6

Counseling Psychologists

Question 7

are employed by school systems to identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with learning.

Answer 7

School Psychologists

Question 8

attempt to facilitate learning, but they usually focus on course planning and instructional methods for a school system rather than on individual children.

Answer 8

Educational Psychologists

Question 9

study the changes— physical, cognitive, social, and emotional—that occur throughout the life span.

Answer 9

Developmental Psychologist

Question 10

identify and measure human traits and determine influences on human thought processes, feelings, and behavior.

Answer 10

Personality Psychologist

Question 11

are concerned with the nature and causes of individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behavior in social situations.

Answer 11

Social Psychologist

Question 12

study the ways that people and the environment—the natural environment and the human-made environment—influence one another.

Answer 12

Environmental Psychologists

Question 13

specialize in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation and perception, learn- ing and memory, thought, motivation, and emotion.

Answer 13

Experimental Psychologist

Question 14

focus on the relationships between people and work.

Answer 14

Industrial Psychologist

Question 15

study the behavior of people in organizations such as businesses.

Answer 15

Organizational Psychologists

Question 16

make technical systems such as automobile dashboards and computer keyboards more user-friendly.

Answer 16

Human Factors Psychologist

Question 17

study the behavior of shoppers in an effort to predict and influence their behavior.

Answer 17

Consumer Psychologist

Question 18

study the effects of stress on health problems such as headaches, cardiovascular dis- ease, and cancer.

Answer 18

Health Psychologist

Question 19

apply psychology to the criminal justice system.

Answer 19

Forensic Psychologists

Question 20

apply psychology to the criminal justice system.

Answer 20

Forensic Psychologists

Question 21

help athletes concentrate on their performance and not on the crowd, use cogni- tive strategies such as positive visualization (imagin- ing themselves making the right moves) to enhance performance, and avoid choking under pressure.

Answer 21

Sport Psychologist

Question 22

He argued that science could rationally treat only information gathered by the senses.

Answer 22

Aristotle

Question 23

suggested that we could think of behavior in terms of a body and a mind.

Answer 23

Democritus

Question 24

careful examination of one’s own thoughts and emotions—to gain self- knowledge.

Answer 24

Introspection

Question 25

attempted to break conscious experience down into objective sensations, such as sight or taste, and subjective feelings, such as emotional responses, and mental images such as memories or dreams.

Answer 25

Structuralism

Question 26

He focused on the rela- tion between conscious experience and behavior.

Answer 26

William James

Question 27

which focused on behavior as well as the mind or consciousness.

Answer 27

Functionalism

Question 28

is the school of psychology that focuses on learning observable behavior.

Answer 28

Behaviorism

Question 29

He believed that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so—that is, their behavior has a positive outcome.

Answer 29

B. F Skinner

Question 30

a stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response

Answer 30

reinforcement

Question 31

Founders of Gestalt Psychology

Answer 31

Max Wertheimer Kurt Koffka Wolfgang Köhler

Question 32

focused on perception and how perception influences thinking and problem solv- ing.

Answer 32

Gestalt Psychologist

Question 33

The German word Gestalt translates roughly to

Answer 33

Pattern or Organized whole

Question 34

showed that we tend to perceive separate pieces of information as integrated wholes depending on the contexts in which they occur.

Answer 34

Gestalt Psychologist

Question 35

is the name of both the theory of personality and the method of psycho-therapy

Answer 35

Psychoanalysis

Question 36

Founder of psychoanalysis

Answer 36

Sigmund Freud

Question 37

proposes that much of our lives is governed by unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts.

Answer 37

Psychoanalysis

Question 38

seek the relationships between the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution, on the one hand, and behavior and mental processes on the other.

Answer 38

Biological Perspective

Question 39

having to do with mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving

Answer 39

Cognitive

Question 40

is cognitive in flavor, yet it emphasizes the role of subjective (personal) experience.

Answer 40

HUMANISTIC–EXISTENTIAL PERSPECTIVE

Question 41

stresses the human capacity for self- fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self- awareness, and decision making.

Answer 41

Humanism

Question 42

views people as free to choose and as being responsible for choosing ethi- cal conduct.

Answer 42

Existentialism

Question 43

conscious, choice, self direction

Answer 43

The Psychodynamic Perspective

Question 44

repetition, reward, self efficacy

Answer 44

Social Cognitive

Question 45

gender, ethnicity, differences

Answer 45

Sociocultural

Question 46

is an organized way of using experience and testing ideas to expand and refine knowledge.

Answer 46

Scientific Method

Question 47

is a statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.

Answer 47

Hypothesis

Question 48

a source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment.

Answer 48

Selection Factor

Question 49

part of a population

Answer 49

sample

Question 50

a complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn

Answer 50

Population

Question 51

each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected

Answer 51

Random Sample

Question 52

each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected

Answer 52

Random Sample

Question 53

which is selected so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample.

Answer 53

Stratified Sample

Question 54

a source of bias or error in research reflecting the prospect that people who offer to participate

Answer 54

Volunteer Bias

Question 55

Nearly all kinds of psychological research involve observation of the behavior of samples of populations.

Answer 55

Methods of Observation

Question 56

studies collect information about individuals and small groups.

Answer 56

Case Study

Question 57

to learn about behavior and mental processes that cannot be observed in the natural setting or studied experimentally

Answer 57

Surveys

Question 58

You use naturalistic observation—that is, you observe people in their natural habitats—every day

Answer 58

Naturalistic Observation

Question 59

try to answer questions such as, are people with higher intelligence more likely to do well in school?

Answer 59

Correlation

Question 60

a mathematical method of determining whether one variable increases or decreases as another variable increases or decreases

Answer 60

Correlation Method

Question 61

a number between +1.00 and −1.00 that expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables

Answer 61

Correlation Coefficient

Question 62

a scientific method that seeks to confirm cause-and-effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables

Answer 62

Experimental Method

Question 63

a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects may be observed

Answer 63

Independent Variable

Question 64

a measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable

Answer 64

Dependent Variable

Question 65

in experimental terminology, unaware of whether or not one has received a treatment

Answer 65

Blinds

Question 66

a study in which neither the subjects nor the observers know who has received the treatment

Answer 66

double-blind study

Question 67

a bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine

Answer 67

placebo

Question 68

a participant’s agreement to participate in research after receiving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatment

Answer 68

informed consent

Question 69

to explain the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant

Answer 69

debrief

Question 70

to explain the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant

Answer 70

debrief

Question 71

Psychologists and other scientists frequently use animals to conduct research that cannot be carried out with humans.

Answer 71

ETHICS OF RESEARCH WITH ANIMALS

Question 72

way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence

Answer 72

Critical Thinking

Question 73

is a system of nerves involved in thought processes, heartbeat, visual–motor coordination, and so on

Answer 73

nervous system

Question 74

consists of the brain, the spinal cord, and other parts that make it

Answer 74

nervous system

Question 75

are specialized cells of the nervous system that conduct impulses

Answer 75

neurons

Question 76

visualized as having branches, trunks, and roots— something like trees

Answer 76

neurons

Question 77

remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system; nourish and insulate neurons

Answer 77

glial cell

Question 78

fatty, insulating substance

Answer 78

myelin

Question 79

extend like roots from the cell body to receive incoming messages from thousands of adjoining neurons.

Answer 79

dendrites

Question 80

that extends like a trunk from the cell body. Axons are very thin, but those that carry messages from the toes to the spinal cord extend several feet in length

Answer 80

axon

Question 81

the electrochemical discharge of a nerve cell or neuron

Answer 81

neural impulses

Question 82

to ready a neuron for firing by creating an internal negative charge in relation to the body fluid outside the cell membrane

Answer 82

polarize

Question 83

the electrical potential across the neural membrane when it is not responding to other neurons

Answer 83

resting potential

Question 84

to reduce the resting potential of a cell membrane from about 70 millivolts toward zero

Answer 84

depolarized

Question 85

the electrical impulse that provides the basis for the conduction of a neural impulse along an axon of a neuron

Answer 85

action potential

Question 86

the chemical keys to communication

Answer 86

neurotransmitters

Question 87

chemical substances involved in the transmission of neural impulses from one neuron to another

Answer 87

neurotransmitters