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INFORMATICS > LESSON 1 > Flashcards

LESSON 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Images can be:

(Aspect: Signal Type)

Analog Images:
Digital Images:

A

Continuous signal (analog)
Discrete numerical values (digital)

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2
Q

Images can be:

(Aspect: Image Formation)

Analog Images:
Digital Images:

A

• Single exposure using light-sensitive
film
• Multiple samplings converted to digital values

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3
Q

Images can be:

(Aspect: Processing Method)

Analog Imagesv
Digital Images:

A

• Chemical development of film
• Computer algorithms

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4
Q

Images can be:

(Aspect: Storage)

Analog Images:
Digital Images:

A

• Physical storage (films, cassettes)
• Digital storage (hard drives, cloud
services)

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5
Q

Images can be:

(Aspect: Quality and Resolution)

Analog Images:
Digital Images:

A

• Dependent on film quality and
processing
• Improved through multiple samplings and higher bit depth

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6
Q

Images can be:

(Aspect: Transmission)

Analog Images:
Digital Images:

A

• Requires physical transfer of films
• Easily shareable electronically

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7
Q

formed in an analog fashion

A

Radiographic Image

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8
Q

it sensitive to the light that is produced by the screens, and is exposed to radiation and then processed in
chemical solutions.

A

film

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9
Q

containing fluorescent screens

A

cassette

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10
Q

In an _____ such as film/screen radiography, xray energy is converted to light, and the light waves are recorded just as they are

A

analog system

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11
Q

In digital radiography, it is converted into numbers that are recorded

A

analog system

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12
Q

formed through multiple samplings of the signal
rather than the one single exposure of an analog image.

A

Digital images

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13
Q

it begins as an analog signal.

A

digital images

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14
Q

Through this, the image becomes digitized and is sampled multiple times.

A

computer data
processing

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15
Q

it can be described with respect to several characteristics
or fundamental parameters, including the matrix, pixels, voxels, and the
bit depth

A

digital image

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16
Q

A digital image can be described with respect to several characteristics
or fundamental parameters, including the ___, ___, ____, and ____.

A

matrix
pixels
voxels
bit depth

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17
Q

A digital image is made up of a two-dimensional array of numbers called a
____.

A

matrix

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18
Q

The matrix consists of ____ and ____ that define pixels

A

columns (M)
rows (N)

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19
Q

The dimensions of the image are described by:

A

M (columns)
N (rows)

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20
Q

When M=N, the image is _____; typically, diagnostic images are ____.

A

square
rectangular

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21
Q

The matrix size (or FOV) is ____.

A

selected during imaging

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22
Q

it also take longer to transmit to remote locations

A

Larger images

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23
Q

it require more processing time and storage space.

A

Larger images

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24
Q

it is necessary to facilitate efficient storage and
transmission

A

Image compression

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25
(Matrix size and typical bit depth) Nuclear medicine:
128 x 128 x 12
26
Matrix size and typical bit depth Magnetic resonance imaging:
256 x 256 x 12
27
(Matrix size and typical bit depth) Computed tomography:
512 x 512 x 12
28
(Matrix size and typical bit depth) Digital subtraction angiography:
1024 x 1024 x 10
29
(Matrix size and typical bit depth) Computed radiography:
2048 x 2048 x 12
30
(Matrix size and typical bit depth) Digital radiography (flat-panel imagers):
2048 x 2048 x 12
31
(Matrix size and typical bit depth) Digital mammography:
4096 x 4096 x 12
32
it is the smallest element in a digital image.
A pixel, or picture element
33
pixel or
picture element
34
If you have ever magnified a digital picture to the point that you see the image as small squares of color, you have seen ___.
pixels
35
it represents the smallest sampled 2D element in an image.
pixel
36
It has dimensions given along two axes in millimeters, dictating in-plane spatial resolution
Pixel
37
it makes up the matrix and are generally square
pixel
38
Each ___ contains a discrete number representing a brightness level.
pixel
39
in this modalities, the numbers relate to the atomic number and mass density of tissues
Radiography CT
40
In this modality, the numbers represent other tissue characteristics like proton density and relaxation times.
MRI
41
A typical digital chest x-ray might contain ____ of pixels and ______ of pixels for a total of _____ pixels.
2000 columns 2500 rows 5 million
42
Each pixel contains a series of ____ defining the grayscale or shade of that particular point on a digital x-ray image
1s 0s
43
Each space available or a 1 or 0 is called a __. A group of 8 bits is called a ___.
bit byte
44
Each ___ is coded with numbers to show different shades, helping to create the detailed digital image you see
pixel
45
The pixel size can be calculated using the relationship:
Pixel size = FOV/matrix size
46
For ____, the larger the matrix size, the smaller the pixel size (for the same FOV) and the better the spatial resolution.
digital imaging modalities
47
it is the number of bits per pixel
bit depth
48
An image that is described as having a bit depth of 8 will have ___ shades of gray
256 (2⁸)
49
The term ___, is synonymous with the x-ray field.
field of view, or FOV
50
FOV
field of view
51
it is the amount of body part or patient included in the image.
field of view
52
The _____, the more area is imaged
larger the FOV
53
Changes in the __ will not affect the size of the ___ ; however, changes in the ___ will affect ___.
FOV, matrix matrix, pixel size
54
The characteristics of a digital image can affect the appearance of the digital image, particularly its ___ and ____.
spatial resolution density resolution.
55
it refers to the ability of an imaging modality to differentiate two adjacent structures as being distinct from one another
Spatial Resolution
56
it refers to the ability of an imaging system to distinguish between different levels of radiographic density or optical density (OD)
Density Resolution
57
it has an effect on the detail or spatial resolution of the image.
matrix size
58
as the FOV ____, without a change in matrix size, the size of the pixel ___ as well, thus improving detail.
decreases decreases
59
It has an effect on the number of shades of gray, hence the density resolution of the image
bit depth
60
it is first essential to understand the fundamental steps to ____, because similar steps apply to any digital imaging modality.
digitizing images
61
There are three steps to digitizing an image:
• Scanning • Sampling • Quantization
62
In _____, the image is first divided into an array of small square regions called pixels
scanning
63
an array of small square regions called
pixels
64
The signal from the PMT is an ______ (______) that must be converted into a digital image for processing by a digital computer
analog signal(voltage waveform)
65
The ____, simply involves measuring the brightness level of each of the pixels using special devices such as a photomultiplier tube (PMT).
sampling
66
special devices in sampling that involves measuring the brightness level of each of the pixel _____.
photomultiplier tube (PMT)
67
This is a process whereby the brightness levels obtained from sampling are assigned an integer (zero, a negative, or a positive number) called a gray level.
Quantization
68
integer (zero, a negative, or a positive number) called a ___.
gray level
69
The third step in digitizing an image is _____.
quantization
70
The image is now made up of a range of ____.
gray levels
71
The total number of gray levels is called the
gray scale
72
it plays an important role in the process of converting an analog signal into digital data for input into a digital computer
Analog-Digital Converter (ADC)
73
it consists of several components that will divide up the analog signal into equal parts.
The Analog-Digital Converter (ADC)
74
Digital imaging modalities have _____ ADCs
12-13 bit
75
image quality is better with __ bit ADCs compared to bit ADCs
higher lower
76
it deals with the development of problem specific approaches to enhance the raw medical data for the purpose of selective visualization as well as further analysis.
Basic Image Processing
77
it concentrates on the development of techniques to supplement the usually qualitative and frequently subjective assessment of medical image by human experts
Basic Image Analysis
78
Statistics of medical imaging fills the gap and provides a theoretical framework for statistical investigation into medical imaging technologies
Statistical Analysis and Entropy
79
it plays an important role in assessing any new hardware, software, image acquisition techniques, image reconstruction or post- processing algorithms
Quality Evaluation
80
The system is said to be stable only when the output is bounded for bounded input. For a bounded input, if the output is unbounded in the system then it is said to be Unstable.
Stable and Unstable Signal Processing
81
Color information in digital images is used for many practical purpose, mainly in security fields and also with gray scale images applications.
Coding and Decoding
82
it means finite in amplitude.
(Bounded input for Bounded Output)
83
A stable system satisfies the ___
BIBO
84
BIBO
(Bounded input for Bounded Output)
85
Common Image Transforms include:
• Hough Transform • Radon Transform • Discrete Cosine Transform • Discrete Fourier Transform • Wavelet Transform
86
it can be applied to an image to convert it from one domain to another.
image transformation
87
A principal advantage of digital radiographic imaging over screen-film radiographic imaging is the ability _______, respectively.
to manipulate the image before and after display - preprocessing and postprocessing
88
___ and ___ image processing alter image appearance, usually for the purpose of improving image contrast.
Pre Post
89
_____ describes the manipulation of radiographic images to derive additional qualitative or quantitative data
Advanced post-processing
90
____ of digital images is largely automatic.
Preprocessing
91
___ is designed to produce artifact-free digital images
Preprocessing
92
The adequate and repeatable performance of the image display system is a key element of information technology platforms in a modern radiology department.
Medical Image Display

INFORMATICS (2 decks)

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