lesson 1 & 2 Flashcards
- It is a medical specialty that involves the treatment of MALIGNANT AND BENIGN tumors by the application
of ionizing radiation. - Often referred to as RADIATION ONCOLOGY
RADIATION THERAPY
field of radiation therapy began to grow largely due to the groundbreaking discovery of radioactive elements BLANK by Marie Curie.
Polonium and Radium
Roentgen’s unknown rays discovered in
1895
Chicago electrician and metallurgist, with a physician friend first treated the recurrent breast
cancer of a 55-year-old woman in the last days of January 26 1896–only weeks after the announcement of
Roentgen’s discovery. He continued his research but eventually contracted skin cancer and lost his left hand
Emil Grubbe
they isolated the elements emitting Becquerel’s natural radioactivity
Curies (Pierre & Marie)
the first cancer, the basal cell carcinoma, has been cured by radiation
1899
they utilized fractionated doses of radiation(smaller doses rather than large single doses)could achieved the same tumor response without serious injury to adjacent normal tissue
Claude Regaud & Henri Coutard
radiation dose necessary to cause redness of skin to estimate the proper length of treatment
Erythema dose
Other name of International Committee on Radiation Units (ICRU)
International Commission on
Radiation Units and Measurements
began the use of Cobalt 60 unit and LINACS for external beam RT(EBRT)
1950’s
A new growth of tissue characterized by progressive, uncontrolled proliferation of cells.
TUMOR
Are able to ignore signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or that begin a process known as
programmed cell death, or apoptosis
- The most common type of cancer.
- Begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover (epithelial cells) internal organs.
- Formed by epithelial cells, which are the cells that cover the inside and outside surfaces of the body.
CARCINOMA
- Cancer that forms in epithelial cells that produce fluids or mucus.
- Tissues with this type of epithelial cell are sometimes called glandular tissues.
- Most cancers of the breast, colon, and prostate are BLANK.
ADENOCARCINOMA
A cancer that begins in the lower or basal (base) layer of the epidermis
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
is the most common type of skin cancer, its not life threatening but if left untreated will grow wide and spread to other parts of the body
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Cancers that form in bone and soft tissues, including muscle, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and fibrous tissue (such as tendons and ligaments)
SARCOMA
- Cancers that begin in the blood-forming tissue of the bone marrow.
- These cancers do not form solid tumors
LEUKEMIA
- Cancer that begins in lymphocytes (T cells or B cells).
- These are disease-fighting white blood cells part of the immune system. In BLANK, abnormal lymphocytes build up in lymph nodes and lymph vessels, as well as in other body organs.
LYMPHOMA
TWO MAIN TYPES OF LYMPHOMA
- HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
- NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
- People with this disease have abnormal lymphocytes that are called Reed-Sternberg cells.
- Highly curable
HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
- This is a large group of cancers that start in lymphocytes. The cancers can grow quickly or slowly and can form from B cells or T cells.
- If in examining the cells, the doctor detects the presence of a specific type of abnormal cell called a Reed-Sternberg cell, the lymphoma is classified as Hodgkin’s. If the Reed-Sternberg the cell is not present, the lymphoma is classified as non-Hodgkin’s
NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
- These cancers look very similar to the surrounding normal cells.
- It can be difficult for a pathologist to tell the difference between the cancer and the
normal cells. - Grow and spread more slowly than poorly differentiated or undifferentiated cancer cell
WELL DIFFERENTIATED CELLS (LOW GRADE)
The cells in these cancers are clearly abnormal looking but they still share some features with the
surrounding normal cells.
MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED
