Lesson 1-6 Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
an information system that evaluates,
analyzes, and processes an organization’s data to produce meaningful and useful
information based on which the management can take right decisions to ensure future
growth of the organization.
A
Management Information System
2
Q
is a system that gathers data and disseminates information
with the sole purpose of providing information to its users.
A
Information System
3
Q
TYPES OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE
A
- GENERAL PURPOSE SOFTWARE
- CUSTOMIZED SOFTWARE
3.UTILITY SOFTWARE
4
Q
FEATURES OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE
A
*APPLICATION SOFTWARE ISWRITTEN IN A HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE.
*APPLICATION SOFTWARE REQUIRES MORE STORAGE SPACE THAN SYSTEM SOFTWARE.
*ONLY A SINGLE TASK IS PERFORMED BY EACH APPLICATION SOFTWARE.
*APPLICATION SOFTWARE IS EASY TO BUILD IN COMPARISON TO SYSTEM SOFTWARE.
5
Q
FUNCTIONS OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE
A
1.INFORMATION AND DATA MANAGEMENT
2.MANAGEMENT OF DOCUMENTS(document exchange system)
3. DEVELOPMENT OF VISUALS AND VIDEO
4.EMAILS,TEXT MESSAGING,AUDIO, AND VIDEO CONFERENCING, AND COOPERATION ARE ALL OPTIONS
5.MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTING, FINANCE, AND PAYROLL
6. MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES(ERP AND CRM SYSTEMS
6
Q
refers to software that performs specific functions for a user.
A
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
7
Q
TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE
A
-OPERATING SYSTEM
-LANGUAGE PROCESSOR
-DEVICE DRIVER
8
Q
FEATURES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE
A
*SYSTEM SOFTWAREIS WRITTEN IN A LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGE.
*SYSTEM SOFTWARE IS COMPLEX TO UNDERSTAND.
*THE SIZE OF THE SYSTEM SOFTWARE IS SMALLER.
*SYSTEM SOFTWARE IS PRESENT NEAR HARDWARE COMPONENTS.
9
Q
a collection of instructions, data, or computer programs that are used to run machines and carry out particular activities. it is the antithsis of hardware,which refers to a computer’s external components
A
SOFTWARE
10
Q
refers to the collection of programs and software components that enable a
computer or computing device to function properly. It acts as an intermediary between the user
and the computer hardware, allowing the user to interact with the hardware and use various
applications and programs.
A
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
11
Q
FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE
A
- MEMORY MANAGEMENT
2.PROCESSOR MANAGEMENT
3.FILE MANAGEMENT
4.SECURITY
5.ERROR-DETECTING AIDS
6.SCHEDULING
12
Q
ORAGANIZATIONS PROMOTE ETHICAL ISSUES:
A
• The Association of Information Technology Professionals (AITP)
• The Association of Computing Machinery (ACM)
• The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
• Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR)
13
Q
There are two major aspects of information system security :
A
• Security of the information technology used
- securing the system from malicious cyber-attacks that tend to break into the system and to access critical private information or gain control of the internal systems.
• Security of data
- ensuring the integrity of data when critical issues, arise such as natural disasters, computer/server malfunction, physical theft etc. Generally an off-site backup of data is kept for such problems.
14
Q
refers to the way the system is defended against unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, perusal, inspection, recording or destruction.
A
INFORMATION SYSTEM SECURITY
15
Q
The Challenges of Management Information Systems :
A
• The lack of information of the managers and users as they don’t know exactly what they want and what their information needs are.
• The lack of understanding of the needs of the users by designers (the lack of correct definition of the needs and their analysis)
• The lack of information of the managers and users about the collaboration method with the designer team.
• The lack of participation of the managers and users in system design.
• The lack of understanding of the managers of software and information systems.
• The lack of information of most of the analysts and programmers (designers) with new system work environment
• The lack of acceptance of the system executers and resistance against the change.
• The lack of accuracy in the data collected
16
Q
With the information system is built and maintained properly then any activity within the business environment can be constantly monitored. Monitoring is certainly an impact on improving control over every procedure and activities occurring within the company
A
IMPROVED QUALITY CONTROL AND SUPERVISION
17
Q
A good information system must be supported by electronic data communication network systems that are reliable as well. With the application of good information systems, each party both inside and outside the company can exchange information more effectively and efficiently.
A
IMPROVED QUALITY OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS
18
Q
Planning is an essential process for businesses. However, any plan that will be made then of course 39 needed the support of adequate information into practice. If not then the plan may be disoriented and did not reach its target because of mistake information into its base.
A
IMPROVED QUALITY OF PLANNING
19
Q
All business owners would want these. The more efficient and flexibly an operational then this indicate the low cost to run it. This can be achieved due to cut the bureaucracy in the company after the implementation of good information systems.
A
IMPROVED OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY AND FLEXIBILITY
20
Q
Aspects of business intelligence is very important since a long time with a variety of formats and needs. To reach the point of rapid and appropriate response on the dynamics of the competition will require information systems that can collect, analyze and compile the information needed by decision makers in the company.
A
IMPROVED QUALITY AND RESPONSIVENESS NUMBER OF THE COMPETITORS CONDITION
21
Q
It is inevitable that any decision-making relies heavily on information that supports the policy to be taken. It can only be realized if information systems can provide information that is relevant, accurate, current and can be retrieved at any time.
A
IMPROVED QUALITY AND QUANTITY MANAGEMENT DECISIONS
22
Q
Good management information system will speed up the process so that, the time required to serve a customer can be faster.
A
INCREASED CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
23
Q
Information is an important component of business today. Who controls the information would act more responsive to changes and trends in the future. Application of good information system will certainly generate reports compilation of data that is managed by qualified and comprehensive database. This can be achieved for each of the reporting process is executed automatically by computer machines.
A
IMPROVED QUALITY AND QUANTITY INFORMATION
24
Q
Intangible Benefits
A
- INCREASED CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
2.IMPROVED QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF INFORMATION
3.IMPROVED QUALITY AND QUANTITY MANAGEMENT DECISIONS
4.IMPROVED QUALITY AND RESPONSIVENESS NUMBER OF THE COMPETITORS CONDITION
5.IMPROVED OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY AND FLEXIBILITY
6.IMPROVED QUALITY OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS
7.IMPROVED QUALITY OF PLANNING
8.IMPROVED QUALITY CONTROL AND SUPERVISION.
25
The Role of Management Information Systems :
-HELPS IN DECISION MAKING
-HELPS IN COORDINATION AMONG THE DEPARTMENT
-HELPS IN FINDING OUT PROBLEMS
26
is all about collecting and processing of raw data into useful information and its dissemination to the users at various levels of management in the required format.
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
27
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERIZED MIS
• It should be able to process data accurately and with high speed, using various techniques like operations research, simulation, heuristics, etc.
• It should be able to collect, organize, manipulate, and update large amount of raw data of both related and unrelated nature, coming from various internal and external sources at different periods of time.
• It should provide real time information on ongoing events without any delay.
• It should support various output formats and follow latest rules and regulations in practice.
• It should provide organized and relevant information for all levels of management: strategic, operational, and tactical.
• It should aim at extreme flexibility in data storage and retrieval
28
No overlapping of efforts (smooth and coordinated functions). To establish sound organizational structure is one of the objective of management which is in tune with objective of organization and for fulfillment of this, it establishes effective authority & responsibility relationship i.e. who is accountable to whom, who can give instructions to whom, who are superiors & who are subordinates.Management fills up various positions with right persons, having right skills, training and qualification. All jobs should be cleared to everyone.
ESTABLISHES SOUND ORGANIZATION
29
Functions of a Management Information System :
-DATA CAPTURING
-PROCESSING OF DATA
-STORAGE OF INFORMATION
-RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION
-DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION
30
Efficient management leads to better economical production which helps in turn to increase the welfare of people. Good management makes a difficult task easier by avoiding wastage of scarce resource.It improves standard of living. It increases the profit which is beneficial to business and society will get maximum output at minimum cost by creating employment opportunities which generate income in hands. Organization comes with new products and researches beneficial for society
ESSENTIAL FOR PROSPERITY OF SOCIETY
31
It enables the organization to survive in changing environment. It keeps in touch with the changing environment.With the change is external environment, the initial co-ordination of organization must be changed. So it adapts organization to changing demand of market/changing needs of societies. It is responsible for growth and survival of organization.
ESTABLISHES EQUILIBRIUM
32
Management utilizes all the physical & human resources productively. This leads to efficacy in management.
Management provides maximum utilization of scarce resources by selecting its best possible alternate use in industry from out of various uses.It makes use of experts, professional and these services leads to use of their skills, knowledge, and proper utilization and avoids wastage. If employees and machines are producing its maximum there is no under employment of any resources
OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES
33
It gets maximum results through minimum input by proper planning and by using minimum input & getting maximum output.Management uses physical, human and financial resources in such a manner which results in best combination. This helps in cost reduction.
REDUCES COSTS
34
Management serves as a tool for the upliftment as well as bettermeThrough increased productivity & employment, management ensures better standards of living for the society. It provides justice through its uniform policies.
nt of the society.
Human betterment & Social Justice
35
It arranges the factors of production, assembles and organizes the resources, integrates the resources in effective manner to achieve goals. It directs group efforts towards achievement of pre-determined goals.
By defining objective of organization clearly there would be no wastage of time, money and effort.Management converts disorganized resources of men, machines, money etc. into useful enterprise.These resources are coordinated, directed and controlled in such a manner that enterprise work towards attainment of goals.
IT HELPS IN ACHIEVING GROUP GOALS
36
Importance of Management
1. IT HELPS IN ACHIEVING GROUP GOALS
2. OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES
3. REDUCES COSTS
4. ESTABLISHES SOUND ORGANIZATION
5. ESTABLISHES EQUILIBRIUM
6. ESSENTIALS FOR PROSPERITY OF SOCIETY
37
Through proper utilization of various factors of production, their efficiency can be increased to a great extent which can be obtained by reducing spoilage, wastages and breakage of all kinds, this in turn leads to saving of time, effort and money which is essential for the growth & prosperity of the enterprise.
Increasing the Efficiency of factors of Production
38
The main objective of management is to secure maximum outputs with minimum efforts & resources.
Management is basically concerned with thinking & utilizing human, material & financial resources in such a manner that would result in best combination. This combination results in reduction of various costs.
Getting Maximum Results with Minimum Efforts
39
Management ensures smooth and coordinated functioning of the enterprise. This in turn helps in providing maximum benefits to the employee in the shape of good working condition, suitable wage system, Incentive plans on the one hand and higher profits to the employer on the other hand
Maximum Prosperity for Employer & Employees
40
is also known as supervisory/operative level of management. It consists of supervisors, foreman, section officers, superintendent etc.
LOWER LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT
41
3 LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT
1. Top level/Administrative level
2. Middle level/Executory
3. Low level/Supervisory/Operative/First-line managers
42
They are responsible to the top management for the functioning of their department. They devote more time to organizational and directional functions.
MIDDLE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT
43
is the ultimate source of authority and it manages goals and
policies for an enterprise. It devotes more time on planning and coordinating functions.
TOP LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT
44
refers to a line of demarcation between various managerial
positions in an organization
LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT
45
It could be used by documented methods on the same data set
to achieve a consistent result.
REPRODUCIBLE
46
It should be of uniform collection, analysis, content, and format.
COMPARABLE
47
It should be impartial, free from any bias. In other words, it should
have integrity.
UNBIASED
48
It should not need any further explanation.
EXPLICIT
49
It should be free of errors and mistakes, true, and not deceptive.
ACCURATE
50
It should meet all the needs in the current context.
COMPLETE
51
It should be adequate in quantity, so that decisions can be made on
its basis.
SUFFICIENT
52
It should be expressed in clear terms. In other words, in should
be comprehensive.
UNAMBIGUOUS
53
It should be current and valid information and it should reduce
uncertainties.
RELEVANT
54
It should be verifiable and dependable
RELIABILITY
55
Accessibility, Access security
.
ACCESSIBILITY
56
It must be current and it must reach the users well in time, so that
important decisions can be made in time.
TIMELY
57
Interpretability, Format, Coherence, Compatibility
.
REPRESENTATIONAL
58
Quality is a value that would vary according to the users and uses of the information.
GOOD QUALITY INFORMATION
59
Accuracy, Objectivity, Believability, Reputation
.
INTRINSIC
60
Relevancy, Value-Added, Timeliness, Completeness, Amount of
information.
CONTEXTUAL
61
construes large quantities of
information that has multiple usage and application.
DATABASE INFORMATION
62
This is operation specific information.
FUNCTIONAL/OPERATIONAL INFORMATION
63
deals with an organization's environment, culture in the light of its objectives.
ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION
64
defined as "information about
information". Acquired through experience and
learning, and collected from archival data and research studies.
KNOWLEDGE INFORMATION
65
These are the information needed for establishing
standard norms and specifications in an organization. This information is used
in strategic, tactical, and operation planning of any activit
PLANNING INFORMATION
66
6 CLASSIFICATION BY APPLICATION
1.PLANNING INFORMATION
2.CONTROL INFORMATION
3.KNOWLEDGE INFORMATION
4.ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION
5.FUNCTIONAL/OPERATIONAL INFORMATION
6.DATABASE INFORMATION
67
concerned with
plant/business level information and is used to ensure proper conduction of
specific operational tasks as planned/intended
OPERATIONAL INFORMATION
68
This information is needed for establishing control over
all business activities through feedback mechanism. This information is used
for controlling attainment, nature and utilization of important processes in a
system.
CONTROL INFORMATION
69
3 Classification by Characteristic
1.STRATEGIC INFORMATION
2.TACTICAL INFORMATION
3.OPERATIONAL INFORMATION
70
Data is collected by the system analyst by following a rigid procedure and
collecting the answers to a set of pre-conceived questions through personal
interviews
Interviews
71
is concerned with the information
needed for exercising control over business resources, like budgeting, quality
control, service level, inventory level, productivity level etc.
TACTICAL INFORMATION
72
is concerned with long term
policy decisions that defines the objectives of a business and checks how well
these objectives are met. For example, acquiring a new plant, a new product,
diversification of business etc, comes under strategic information
STRATEGIC INFORMATION
73
An experimental test is conducted on the subject and
the data is collected.
Objective measures or tests
74
Information Management pertaining to an organization's
policy or decision-making, particularly when tied to strategic or operational objectives
Business Intelligence
75
can be described as unprocessed facts and figure
Data
76
Can be defined as meaningfully interpreted data
INFORMATION
77
A questionnaires is prepared to collect the data from the field.
Secondary data sources or archival data: Data is collected through old records,
magazines, company website etc.
Surveys
78
What is a DBMS (Database Management System)?
is nothing but a software that maintains the data on a system. It allows the user
to perform various operations on the data such as read, write, update etc. DBMS typically maintains the data on
the system in a form of file.
79
What is a RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)?
stores the data in form of tables, these tables are interconnected to each other which helps in identifying
the relation between the data stored in different tables. It stores the data efficiently and the operations on the
data stored in RDBMS are faster compared to the traditional file based data management system.
80
Difference between DBMS vs RDBMS
81
DBMS Three Level Architecture Diagram
This architecture has three levels:
1. External level
2. Conceptual level
3. Internal level
82
It is also called view level. The reason this level is called “view” is because several users can view their desired
data from this level which is internally fetched from database with the help of conceptual and internal level
mapping.
External level
83
It is also called logical level. The whole design of the database such as relationship among data, schema of data
etc. are described in this level.
Database constraints and security are also implemented in this level of architecture. This level is maintained by
DBA (database administrator).
Conceptual level
84
This level is also known as physical level. This level describes how the data is actually stored in the storage
devices. This level is also responsible for allocating space to the data. This is the lowest level of the
architecture.
Internal level
85
DBMS applications
Applications where we use Database Management Systems are:
Telecom
Industry
Banking System
Sales
Airlines
Education sector
Online shopping
86
There is a database to keeps track of the information regarding calls made, network usage,
customer details etc. Without the database systems it is hard to maintain that huge amount of data
that keeps updating every millisecond.
Telecom
87
Where it is a manufacturing unit, warehouse or distribution centre, each one needs a
database to keep the records of ins and outs. For example distribution centre should keep a track of
the product units that supplied into the centre as well as the products that got delivered out from the
distribution centre on each day; this is where DBMS comes into picture
Industry
88
For storing customer info, tracking day to day credit and debit transactions,
generating bank statements etc. All this work has been done with the help of Database management
systems. Also, banking system needs security of data as the data is sensitive, this is efficiently taken
care by the DBMS systems.
Banking System
89
To store customer information, production information and invoice details. Using DBMS, you
can track, manage and generate historical data to analyse the sales data.
Sales
90
To travel though airlines, we make early reservations, this reservation information along with
flight schedule is stored in database. This is where the real-time update of data is necessary as a
flight seat reserved for one passenger should not be allocated to another passenger, this is easily
handled by the DBMS systems as the data updates are in real time and fast.
Airlines
91
Database systems are frequently used in schools and colleges to store and
retrieve the data regarding student details, staff details, course details, exam details, payroll data, attendance details, fees details etc. There is a large amount of inter-related data that needs to be
stored and retrieved in an efficient manner.
Education sector
92
You must be aware of the online shopping websites such as Amazon, Flipkart etc.
These sites store the product information, your addresses and preferences, credit details and provide
you the relevant list of products based on your query. All this involves a Database management
system. Along with managing the vast catalogue of items, there is a need to secure the user
private information such as bank & card details. All this is taken care of by database management
systems.
Online shopping
93
Is a logical structure of Database. It describes the design of database to reflect entities, attributes,
relationship among data, constrains etc.
Data Model
94
Types of Data Models
1. Object based logical Models
2.Record based logical Models
3.Physical Data Models
95
Describe data at the conceptual and view levels.
Object based logical Models
1. E-r Model
2. Object oriented model
96
Like Object based model, they also describe data at the conceptual and view
levels. These models specify logical structure of database with records, fields and attributes.
Record based logical Models
97
What are the 3 Record based logical Models:
1. Relational Model
2. Hierarchical Model
3. Network Model
98
is same as hierarchical model except that it has graph-like
structure rather than a tree-based structure. Unlike hierarchical model, this model allows each record
to have more than one parent record.
Network Model
99
These models describe data at the lowest level of abstraction
Physical Data Models
100
is a design or blueprint of a database
that can later be implemented as a database.
Entity–relationship model (ER model)
101
describes the structure of a database with the help of a diagram,
which is known as
Entity Relationship Diagram (ER Diagram)
102
The main components of E-R model are:
entity set and relationship
set.
103
1. Is a group of similar entities and these
entities can have attributes.
2.Is a table or attribute of a table in database, so by
showing relationship among tables and their attributes
1. Entity set
2. Entity
104
ER diagram has three main components:
1. Entity
2. Attribute
3. Relationship
105
is an object or component of data. An entity is represented as rectangle in an ER diagram.
Entity
106
An entity that cannot be uniquely identified by its own attributes and relies on the relationship with other entity is
called weak entity. Is represented by a double rectangle
Weak Entity
107
describes the property of an entity. An attribute is represented as Oval in an ER diagram.
Attribute
108
There are
four types of attributes:
1. Key attribute -can uniquely identify an entity from an entity set.
2. Composite attribute - An attribute that is a combination of other attributes
3. Multivalued attribute- An attribute that can hold multiple values
4. Derived attribute- is one whose value is dynamic and derived from another attribute.
109
is represented by diamond shape in ER diagram, it shows the relationship among entities.
Relationship
110
There
are four types of relationships:
1. One to One -When a single instance of an entity is associated with a single instance of another entity then it is called one to
one relationship.
2. One to Many- When a single instance of an entity is associated with more than one instances of another entity then it is called
one to many relationship.
3. Many to One- When more than one instances of an entity is associated with a single instance of another entity then it is called
many to one relationship.
4. Many to Many- When more than one instances of an entity is associated with more than one instances of another entity then it
is called many to many relationship.
111
an entity set represents that each entity in entity set must have at least one relationship in
a relationship set.
Total participation or Mandatory Participation
112
set represents that each entity in the entity set may or may not participate in the
relationship instance in that relationship set. It is also called as optional participation
Partial participation of an entity set
113
is represented using a single line between the entity set and relationship set
Partial participation
114
is derived from the word compute, which means
to calculate.
computer
115
According to this structure a computer must have two units- a processing
unit and a single separate storage unit.
Von Neumann architecture
116
Components of a Computer
Joy stick
Scanner
Bar code scanner
Touch screen
Optical Mark reader
Mouse
Keyboard
Monitor
Printer
Plotter
117
This is the unit through which data and instructions
are entered into a computer.
Input Unit
118
This unit communicates the results to the user. A
display screen or monitor, printers are the common device that lets you
see what the computer has accomplished.
Output Unit
119
is the brain of the
computer which is responsible for carrying out arithmetic and logic
functions as well as execution of instructions.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
120
enables a computer to store the data and
programs temporarily
Memory
121
Characteristics of Computer
• Speed :
• Accuracy :
• Deligence :
• Reliability :
• Storage Capacity :
• Versatility : .
• Resource Sharing : .
• Lack of Intelligence :
122
It was
simply a wooden rack holding parallel wires on which beads were strung.
When these beads were moved along the wire according to some rules
that the user must memorize, all ordinary arithmetic operations could
be performed.
ABACUS
123
An English mathematics professor, designed a machine to perform differential equations, called
Difference Engine
Charles Babbage
124
ENIAC
(Electrical Numerical Integrator And
Calculator).
125
EDSAC
(Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Calculator)
126
Characteristics of First Generation Computers 1945-1955 :
•
Vacuum tubes were used- basic arithmetic operations took few
milliseconds
•
Bulky i.e. very large in size
•
Consume more power with limited performance
•
High cost
•
Uses assembly language- to prepare programs. These were translated
into machine level language for execution.
•
Mercury delay line memories and Electrostatic memories were used
•
Punched cards and paper tape were invented to feed programs and
data and to get results.
•
Magnetic tape / magnetic drum were used as secondary memory
•
Mainly used for scientific computations.
127
Second Generation (1955-1965) : Examples of computers of this
generation are- IBM 7030, Digital Data Corporation's PDP 1/5/8 Honeywell
400.
Characteristics of Second Generation Computers :
•
Transistors were used in place of vacuum tubes
•
Small in size
•
Lesser power consumption and better performance
•
Lower cost
•
Magnetic ferrite core memories were used as main memory which
is a random-access nonvolatile memory
•
Magnetic tapes and magnetic disks were used as secondary memory
•
High level languages such as FORTRAN, COBOL etc were used
•
Separate input-output processors were developed that could operatein parallel with CPU.
•
Punched cards continued during this period also.
•
Increasingly used in business, industry and commercial organizations
for preparation of payroll, inventory control, marketing, production
planning, research, scientific & engineering analysis and design etc.
128
Third Generation (1965-1975) : Examples of computers of this
generation are-360 Mainframe from IBM, PDP-8 Mini Computer from
Digital Equipment corporation).
Characteristics of Third Generation Computers :
•
ICs were used
•
Small Scale Integration and Medium Scale Integration technology
were implemented in CPU, I/O processors etc.
•
Smaller & better performance
•
Comparatively lesser cost
•
Faster processors
•
In the beginning magnetic core memories were used. Later they were
replaced by semiconductor memories (RAM & ROM)
•
Introduced microprogramming
•
Operating system software were introduced
•
Cache and virtual memories were introduced (Cache memory makes
the main memory appear faster than it really is. Virtual memory
makes it appear larger)
•
Database management, multi-user application, online systems like
closed loop process control, airline reservation, interactive query
systems, automatic industrial control etc. emerged during this period.
129
Fourth Generation (1975-1989) : Examples of computers of this
generation are- Intel's 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486 .., Motorola's 68000,
68030, 68040, Apple II, CRAY I/2/X/MP etc)
Characteristics of Fourth Generation Computers :
•
Microprocessors were introduced as CPU- Complete processors and
large section of main memory could be implemented in a single
chip
•
Tens of thousands of transistors can be placed in a single chip (VLSI
design implemented)
•
CRT screen, laser & ink jet printers, scanners etc were developed.
•
Semiconductor memory chips were used as the main memory.
•
Secondary memory was composed of hard disks - Floppy disks &
magnetic tapes were used for backup memory
•
Parallelism, pipelining cache memory and virtual memory were
applied in a better way
•
Local Area Networks (LAN) and Wide Area Networks (WAN) were
developed
•
Introduced C language and Unix OS
•
Introduced Graphical User Interface (GUI)
130
Fifth Generation (1989 to present) : Examples of computers of
this generation are- IBM notebooks, Pantium PCs-Pentium 1/2/3/4/Dual
core/ Quad core. SUN work stations, Origin 2000, PARAM 10000, IBM
SP/2).
Characteristics of Fifth Generation Computers :
•
Computers based on artificial intelligence are available.
•
Computers use extensive parallel processing, multiple pipelines,
multiple processors etc.
•
Massive parallel machines and extensively distributed system
connected by communication networks fall in this category.
•
Introduced ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology - Intel's
Pentium 4 microprocessor contains 55 million transistors millions
of components on a single IC chip.
•
Superscalar processors, Vector processors, SIMD processors, 32 bit
micro controllers and embedded processors, Digital Signal Processors
(DSP) etc. have been developed.
•
Memory chips up to 1 GB, hard disk drives up to 180 GB and
optical disks up to 27 GB are available (still the capacity is
increasing).
•
Object oriented language like JAVA suitable for internet programming
has been developed.
•
Portable note book computers introduced.
•
Storage technology advanced - large main memory and disk storage
available.
•
Introduced World Wide Web. (and other existing applications like
email, e-Commerce, Virtual libraries/Classrooms, multimedia
applications etc.)
•
New operating systems developed - Windows 95/98/XP/..., LINUX,
etc.
•
The recent development in the application of internet is the Grid
technology which is still in its upcoming stage.
•
Quantum mechanism and nanotechnology will radically change the
phase of computers.
131
Classification of Computer :
• Micro computer
• Mini computer
•
Mainframe
• Supercomputer
132
uses a microprocessor as its central Processing
Unit
microcomputer
133
Used in the field of desktop publishing, accounting,
statistical analysis, graphic designing, investment analysis, project
management, teaching, entertainment etc.
Applications
134
The different models of
microcomputers:
(a) Personal Computers : The name PC was given by the IBM for
its microcomputers. PCs are used for word processing, spreadsheet
calculations, database management etc.
(b) Note Book or Lap Top : Very small in terms of size- can be folded
and carried around- Monitor is made up of LCD and the keyboard
and system units are contained in a single box. Got all the facilities
of a personal computer (HDD, CDD, Sound card, N/W card, Modem
etc.) and a special connection to connect to the desktop PC which
can be used to transfer data.
(c) Palm Top : Smaller model of the microcomputer- size is similar
to that of a calculator - pocket size. It has a processor and memory
and a special connection to connect to the desktop PC which can
be used to transfer data.
(d) Wrist PC : Smallest type of microcomputer - can be worn on our
wrist like a watch. It has a processor and memory and a wireless
modem.
The following figures shows the various types of micro computer.
135
Mini Computers :
•
Perform better than micros.
•
Large in size and costlier than micros.
•
Designed to support more than one user at a time.
•
Posses large storage capacities and operates at higher speed.
•
Support faster peripheral devices like high speed printers.
•
Can also communicate with main frames.
136
Applications :
•
These computers are used when the volume of processing is large
for e.g. Data processing for a medium sized organization
•
Used to control and monitor production processes
•
To analyze results of experiments in laboratories
•
Used as servers in LANs (Local Area Networks)
137
Main Frame Computers :
•
Able to process large amount of data at very high speed.
•
Supports multi-user facility.
•
Number of processors varies from one to six.
•
Cost: 3500 to many million dollars.
•
Kept in air conditioned room to keep them cool.
•
Supports many I/O and auxiliary storage devices.
•
Supports network of terminals.
138
is a broad term for one of the
fastest computers currently available.
Super Computer
139
The main characteristics of
a super computer are :
•
Most powerful Computer system - needs a large room
•
Minimum world length is 64 bits
•
CPU speed : 100 MIPS (Million instruction per second)
•
Equivalent to 4000 computers
•
High cost: 4-5 millions
•
Able to handle large amount of data
•
High power consumption
•
High precision
