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Lesson 1: A First Look at Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

THE STUDY OF STRUCTURE
- Anatomists also examine the relationships among parts of the body (anatomy means “to cut apart”)
- Often the anatomy of specific organs and structures suggest function

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2
Q

Physiology

A

THE STUDY OF FUNCTION of the various body structures

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3
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

“MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY”
- Investigates the structure and relationships of large body parts that can be seen with the naked eye

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4
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

“TINY ANATOMY”
- Examines structures that cannot be viewed with the unaided eye

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5
Q

List, in order of increasing complexity, the body’s SIX STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION LEVELS

A
  1. Chemical Level
    (atoms, molecules…)
  2. Cellular Level
    (organelles, cells…)
  3. Tissue Level
    (epithelial tissue…)
  4. Organ Level
    (intestines…)
  5. Organ System Level
    (liver + stomach + gall bladder + intestines = digestive system)
  6. Organismal Level
    (person!)
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6
Q

Name the 11 ORGAN SYSTEMS of the human body

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Skeletal
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
  5. Endocrine
  6. Cardiovascular
  7. Lymphatic
  8. Respiratory
  9. Digestive
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive
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7
Q

What are the major organs and basic functions of the INTEGUMENTARY system?

A

Major Organs/Components:
- hair
- skin and associated glands
- nails

Basic Functions:
- protects the body from bacteria, chemicals…
- temperature regulation
- provides sensory perception through touch

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8
Q

What are the major organs and basic functions of the SKELETAL system?

A

Major Organs/Components:
- bones
- cartilage
- ligaments
- joints

Basic Functions:
- provides structural support
- facilitates movement
- protects internal organs
- mineral storage (calcium)
- blood cell production
- energy storage

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9
Q

What are the major organs and basic functions of the MUSCULAR system?

A

Major Organs/Components:
- skeletal muscles (biceps)
- smooth muscles (stomach)
- cardiac muscles (in heart)

Basic Functions:
- produces body movement
- maintains posture
- generates heat when muscles contract

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10
Q

What are the major organs and basic functions of the NERVOUS system?

A

Major Organs/Components:
* Central Nervous System
- brain
- spinal cord
* Peripheral Nervous System
- peripheral nerves
- sensory organs (eyes)

Basic Functions:
- controls body movement by communicating signals
- captures and responds to sensory stimuli
- helps control all other systems of the body
- helps maintain homeostasis
- responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory

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11
Q

What are the major organs and basic functions of the ENDOCRINE system?

A

Major Organs/Components:
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
- pineal gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid glands
- thymus
- adrenal glands
- pancreas
- (kidney)
- ovaries (in females)
- testes (in males)

Basic Functions:
* produces and secretes hormones throughout the body that:
- regulate metabolism
- regulate growth
- regulate reproduction
- regulate homeostasis
- regulate stress response

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12
Q

What are the major organs and basic functions of the CARDIOVASCULAR system?
(a.k.a. ‘circulatory’ system)

A

Major Organs/Components:
* Heart (strong pump)
- muscle
- connective tissues
- electrical system
* Blood Vessels
- arteries (oxygen-rich blood)
- veins (oxygen-poor blood)
- capillaries (oxygen exchange)
* Blood
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
- plasma

Basic Functions:
- distributes oxygen, nutrients, and hormones across the body
- picks up waste products and transports them for removal
- sustains life!!!

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13
Q

What are the major organs and basic functions of the LYMPHATIC system?

A

Major Organs/Components:
- tonsils
- lymph nodes (drainage points)
- lymphatic vessels
- thymus
- thoracic duct
- spleen

Basic Functions:
- transports and filters ‘lymph’
(maintains fluid balance)
- absorbs dietary fats
- initiates immune responses

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14
Q

What are the major organs and basic functions of the RESPIRATORY system?

A

Major Organs/Components:
- nasal cavity (nose)
- pharynx (throat)
- larynx (voice box)
- trachea (wind pipe)
- bronchi (two large airways)
- bronchioles (smaller airways)
- alveoli (air sacs)
- lungs
- thoracic diaphragm

Basic Functions:
- exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air in the lungs
- facilitates breathing
- protects the body from harmful particles

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15
Q

What are the major organs and basic functions of the DIGESTIVE system?

A

Major Organs/Components:
- oral cavity (mouth)
- salivary glands
- pharynx (throat)
- esophagus
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine (colon)
- rectum
- anus

Basic Functions:
- breaks down food into nutrients (mechanically and chemically)
- absorbs nutrients into the blood stream, which are used for energy, growth, and repair
- eliminates waste products

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16
Q

What are the major organs and basic functions of the URINARY system?
(a.k.a. ‘excretory’ system)

A

Major Organs:
- kidneys
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
- sphincters

Basic Functions:
- filters blood by removing and concentrating waste products into the form of urine to expel from the body

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17
Q

What are the major organs and basic functions of the REPRODUCTIVE system?

A

Major Organs:
* Male
- testicles
- epididymis
- ductus (vas) deferens
- seminal vesicles
- prostate gland
- bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
- urethra
- penis
- scrotum
* Female
- mammary glands (breasts)
- ovaries
- fallopian tubes (oviducts)
- uterus (womb)
- endometrium
- cervix
- vagina
- vulva (external: labia, clitoris)

Basic Functions:
- responsible for producing offspring and ensuring the continuation of life!!!
- gonads (testes or ovaries) produce sex cells (sperm or oocytes) and sex hormones

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18
Q

Describe ANATOMICAL POSITION.

A
  • Standing upright
  • Feet parallel and flat on the floor
  • Head level and eyes facing forward
  • Arms at the side of the body
  • Palms face anterior
  • Thumbs pointed laterally
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19
Q

Describe Anterior vs. Posterior
(in anatomical position).

A

Anterior: closer to the front
Posterior: closer to the back

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20
Q

Describe Dorsal vs. Ventral
(in anatomical position).

A

Dorsal: back side (dorsal fins)
Ventral: belly side

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21
Q

Describe Superior vs. Inferior
(in anatomical position).

A

Superior: closer to the head
Inferior: closer to the feet

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22
Q

Describe Cranial (rostral) vs. Caudal
(in anatomical position).

A

Cranial (rostral): head end (superior)
Caudal: tail or rear end (inferior)

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23
Q

Describe Proximal vs. Distal
(in anatomical position).

A
  • For appendages!
    Proximal: closer to the point of attachment
    Distal: farther from the point of attachment
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24
Q

Describe Medial vs. Lateral
(in anatomical position).

A

Medial: towards the midline
Lateral: away from the midline

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25
Describe Superficial vs. Deep (in anatomical position).
Superficial: on the outside Deep: on the inside
26
Describe the following planes and sections: * Sagittal * Coronal * Transverse (cross) * Oblique
USE THE ACTIONS!! * Sagittal: cutting a face in half * Coronal: think of putting on a crown * Transverse (cross): parallel to the floor * Oblique: anything other than those three (diagonal)
27
Cephalic Region
Head (anterior view)
28
Cranial Region
Surrounding Brain (posterior view)
29
Frontal Region
Forehead (anterior view)
30
Occipital Region
Back of Head (posterior view)
31
Orbital Region
Eye (anterior view)
32
Nasal Region
Nose (anterior view)
33
Auricular Region
Ear (posterior view)
34
Buccal Region
Cheek (anterior View)
35
Oral Region
Mouth (anterior view)
36
Mental Region
Chin (anterior view)
37
Cervical Region
Neck (anterior & posterior)
38
Deltoid Region
Shoulder (anterior & posterior)
39
Thoracic Region
Upper Back & Chest (anterior & posterior)
40
Sternal Region
Sternum (anterior view)
41
Pectoral Region
Chest (anterior view)
42
Mammary Region
Breast (anterior view)
43
Vertebral Region
Spinal Column (posterior view)
44
Axillary Region
Armpit (anterior view)
45
Brachial Region
Arm - biceps/triceps (anterior & posterior)
46
Antecubital Region
Front of Elbow (anterior view)
47
Olecranal Region
Elbow (posterior view)
48
Antebrachial Region
Forearm (anterior & posterior)
49
Carpal Region
Wrist (anterior & posterior)
50
Palmar Region
Palm (anterior view)
51
Manus Region
Dorsum of Hand (posterior)
52
Digital Region (more superior)
Fingers (anterior & posterior)
53
Abdominal Region
Abdomen (anterior & posterior)
54
Lumbar Region
Lower Back (posterior view)
55
Pelvic Region
Inferior to Abdomen (anterior view)
56
Coxal Region
Hip (anterior view)
57
Inguinal Region
Groin (anterior view)
58
Sacral Region
Butt Crack (posterior view)
59
Gluteal Region
Buttock (posterior view)
60
Pubic Region
Penis & Stuff (anterior view)
61
Perineal Region
Anus (posterior view)
62
Femoral Region
Thigh (anterior & posterior)
63
Patellar Region
Kneecap (anterior view)
64
Popliteal Region
Back of Knee (posterior view)
65
Crural Region
Shin (anterior view)
66
Sural Region
Calf (posterior view)
67
Tarsal Region
Ankle (anterior & posterior)
68
Pes Region
Dorsum of Foot (anterior view)
69
Calcaneal Region
Heel (posterior view)
70
Digital Region (more inferior)
Toes (anterior view)
71
Plantar Region
Sole of Foot (posterior view)
72
Identify the MAJOR BODY CAVITIES with their associated subcavities and organs
DORSAL BODY CAVITY (posterior aspect) * Cranial Cavity * Vertebral Canal VENTRAL BODY CAVITY * Thoracic Cavity - Mediastinum (superior) - Pericardial (inferior) - Pleural (lungs) * Abdominopelvic Cavity - Abdominal (superior) - Pelvic (inferior)
73
Identify the FOUR ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS and the organs found in each quadrant. (right = person's right if we are viewing them in anatomical position)
* Right upper quadrant (RUQ) - liver & gallbladder * Left upper quadrant (LUQ) - stomach & spleen * Right lower quadrant (RLQ) - appendix & bladder * Left lower quadrant (LLQ) - bladder ALL: intestines
74
Describe the anatomy of a SEROUS MEMBRANE.
* Continuous Two-Layered Sack - Visceral layer covers organs (most deep) - Parietal layer lines the body cavity (most superficial) * Serous Fluid - Between visceral and parietal layers - Reduces friction caused by moving organs
75
Differentiate between the following three serous membranes: * Pericardium * Pleura * Peritoneum
* Pericardium: surrounds heart * Pleura: surrounds lungs * Peritoneum: surrounds abdominal organs and lines abdominal cavity
76
Radiography
X-RAY Method: Uses X-rays to produce images of internal structures. Image Type: Provides two-dimensional (2D) images, often in black and white. Purpose: Primarily used to view bones, detect fractures, and diagnose conditions like pneumonia or tumors. Limitations: Limited in terms of detail for soft tissues; can sometimes require additional imaging techniques.
77
Computed Tomography
CT / CAT SCAN Method: Uses multiple X-rays and computer processing to create cross-sectional images (slices) of the body. Image Type: Produces detailed 3D images by combining multiple 2D X-ray images. Purpose: Excellent for imaging soft tissues, organs, and bones; used for detecting tumors, internal bleeding, and injuries. Limitations: Involves higher doses of radiation compared to regular X-rays.
78
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRI Method: Uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of soft tissues. Image Type: Produces high-resolution 3D images, especially useful for soft tissues like the brain, muscles, and organs. Purpose: Ideal for imaging the brain, spinal cord, muscles, and joints; used for diagnosing neurological conditions, joint injuries, and cancer. Limitations: More expensive and time-consuming than other imaging methods; cannot be used for patients with certain implants (e.g., pacemakers).
79
Sonography
ULTRASOUND Method: Uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of internal structures. Image Type: Provides real-time, 2D images (or sometimes 3D) of organs and soft tissues. Purpose: Commonly used for monitoring pregnancy, imaging the heart, liver, kidneys, and blood vessels, and guiding biopsies. Limitations: Limited resolution compared to CT and MRI; unable to visualize air-filled or dense structures well.
80
Angiography
Method: Uses X-rays and a contrast dye injected into blood vessels to create detailed images of the blood vessels. Image Type: Provides clear, detailed images of blood vessels in the body. Purpose: Primarily used to examine blood flow, detect blockages, aneurysms, or vascular malformations, and guide procedures like stent placement or angioplasty. Limitations: Invasive procedure due to contrast dye injection and catheter insertion.
81
Positron Emission Tomography
PET Method: Uses radioactive tracers injected into the body that emit positrons; a scanner detects the radiation to produce images. Image Type: Provides functional (metabolic) and anatomical images, often combined with CT (PET-CT). Purpose: Used to detect cancer, brain disorders, heart conditions, and to assess how organs are functioning (e.g., brain activity). Limitations: Involves exposure to radiation and is relatively expensive.

Human Anatomy (4 decks)

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