Lesson 1: Cell as the Basic Unit of Life

Question 1

some species of bacteria have this protective third covering. It is made up of polysaccharides. Its most important role is to keep the cell from drying out and from phagocytosis by larger microorganisms.

Answer 1

CAPSULE

Question 2

a rigid structure composed of peptidoglycan that surrounds, supports, and protects the cell from the environment.

Answer 2

CELL WALL

Question 3

encloses the interior of the bacterium, regulating the flow of materials in and out of the cell; a selective barrier.

Answer 3

CELL MEMBRANE

Question 4

a region of cytoplasm where the chromosomal DNA is located, contains the genes
that controls the cell.

Answer 4

NUCLEOID

Question 5

a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases. It is where the functions for cell growth, metabolism, and replication are carried out.

Answer 5

CYTOPLASM

Question 6

they translate the genetic code from the molecular language of nuclei acids to
amino acids – the building blocks of proteins. (protein-synthesis).

Answer 6

RIBOSOMES

Question 7

smaller circular auxiliary DNA strands found in the cytoplasm

Answer 7

PLASMID

Question 8

(singular, flagellum) are hair-like structure that provides locomotion for those bacteria that have them. It beat in a propeller-like motion.

Answer 8

FLAGELLA

Question 9

are whip-like structure that provides locomotion for those bacteria that have them; it beats in a propeller-like motion.

Answer 9

FLAGELLA

Question 10

these outgrowths assist the bacteria in attaching to other cells and surfaces such as teeth, intestines, and rocks.

Answer 10

PILI

Question 11

these outgrowths assist the bacteria in attaching to other cells and surfaces
such as teeth, intestines, and rocks.

Answer 11

PILI

Question 12

main component of plant cell wall

Answer 12

CELLULOSE

Question 13

main component of bacterial cell wall

Answer 13

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

Question 14

main component of fungi cell wall

Answer 14

CHITIN AND GLUCAN

Question 15

structures in cells that performs specific functions.

Answer 15

ORGANELLES

Question 16

three main parts of the cell

Answer 16

CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, GENETIC MATERIAL

Question 17

semi-permeable; controls what molecules are allowed in and out of the cell; a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded on it.

Answer 17

CELL MEMBRANE

Question 18

the jelly-like matrix which house all the structural organelles of the cell; also known as “cytosol”; contains Hyaloplasm

Answer 18

CYTOPLASM

Question 19

the liquid portion of the cytosol, it does not occupy any structural organelles.

Answer 19

HYALOPLASM

Question 20

a small particle which can be found floating free or
attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum; site of protein synthesis; link amino acids depending on the sequence specified by the codons located in messenger RNA, in order to form polypeptide chains

Answer 20

RIBOSOME

Question 21

a continuous membrane system that creates an order of flattened sacs which plays a vital role in synthesis, modification, and transport of proteins

Answer 21

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Question 22

large folded membrane system with attached ribosomes; helps in folding and modifying the protein produced by ribosomes; presence of ribosomes; folding and modifying of proteins

Answer 22

ROUGH ER

Question 23

large folded membrane system without ribosomes; puts together or production of lipids and is important in making new membrane

Answer 23

SMOOTH ER

Question 24

receives product from the endoplasmic reticulum and adds final modification; it also sorts these products and sends them to their final destination; responsible for storing, modifying, packaging, and transporting lipids, proteins, and other materials within the cells

Answer 24

GOLGI APPARATUS

Question 25

“powerhouse of the cell”; converts glucose into ATP; “cristae” – folded inner partitions inside the mitochondrion; site of cellular respiration contains a small amount of genetic information inherited from only the mother

Answer 25

MITOCHONDRION

Question 26

present in plant cells only; use the energy from the sunlight to form glucose molecules from CO2 and H2O.

Answer 26

CHLOROPLAST

Question 27

a membrane enclosed bag of digestive juices; breaks down large molecules and old parts; “suicide bag”/ defender of the cell; contains digestive, hydrolytic enzymes which may be utilized in destroying harmful microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria

Answer 27

LYSOSOME

Question 28

vesicle formed from ER containing oxidative and other enzymes; aids in detoxification

Answer 28

PEROXISOMES

Question 29

a membrane-enclosed sac that can be filled with anything; stores food, water, waste etc.; in plants, also maintains turgor pressure

Answer 29

VACUOLE

Question 30

structural support; movement of materials; in some species movement of whole cells; consists of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

Answer 30

CYTOSKELETON

Question 31

hollow structures formed from protein subunits.

Answer 31

MICROTUBULES

Question 32

smaller than microtubules but larger than microfilaments; adds structural integrity inside eukaryotic cells.

Answer 32

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT

Question 33

small fibril formed from protein subunits.

Answer 33

MICROFILAMENT

Question 34

cytoplasmic projection found in animal cells responsible for movement of materials; a slender protuberance, hair-like structure projecting from a cell body which may be motile and sensory

Answer 34

CILIA

Question 35

same with cilia but has longer whip-like structures;

Answer 35

FLAGELLA

Question 36

special extensions in bacterial cells made for conjugation; for adhesion or attachment

Answer 36

PILI

Question 37

the control center of the cell; a highly specialized, membrane-bound organelle which carries the genetic material (DNA) in eukaryotic; coordinating and administering various cellular activities; organisms structure surrounded by double membrane that contains chromosome; directs protein synthesis (mRNA)

Answer 37

NUCLEUS

Question 38

found inside the nucleus; site of rRNA synthesis; assembles ribosome

Answer 38

NUCLEOLUS

Question 39

the outer lining/wall of the nucleus; a lipid bilayer

Answer 39

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

Question 40

opening in the nuclear membrane, allows contact in the cytoplasm

Answer 40

NUCLEAR PORES

Question 41

long threads of DNA that form a complex with proteins

Answer 41

CHROMOSOME

Question 42

DNA + histones

Answer 42

CHROMATIN

Question 43

provide and maintain the shape of the cell and serves as a protective barrier

Answer 43

CELL WALL

Question 44

structure which generally hold pigments.

Answer 44

PLASTIDS

Question 45

a colored plastid usually containing red or yellow pigment.

Answer 45

CHROMOPLAST

Question 46

colorless plastids; serves as food storehouses - Amyloplast – starch - Elioplast – fat - Propioplast - protein

Answer 46

LEUCOPLAST

Question 47

chlorophyll-bearing plastids

Answer 47

CHLOROPLAST

Question 48

where the light dependent reaction takes place.

Answer 48

THYLAKOID

Question 49

stacks of thylakoid

Answer 49

GRANA

Question 50

where the light independent reaction takes place

Answer 50

STROMA

Question 51

the cell undergoes normal growth processes while also preparing for cell division; for a cell to move from interphase into the mitotic phase, many internal and external conditions must be met recognized as the longest stage in the eukaryotic cell cycle

Answer 51

INTERPHASE

Question 52

cell is accumulating the building blocks of chromosomal DNA and the associated proteins, as well as gathering sufficient energy reserves for the completion of task in the next stage; cellular contents are duplicated; growth of the cell

Answer 52

GAP 1

Question 53

characterized by the occurrence of DNA replication; the genetic material is doubled before the cell enters the actual cell division, allowing there to be enough DNA to be split into daughter cells

Answer 53

S PHASE

Question 54

the cell replenishes its energy, and some of the organelles are duplicated; preparation for the actual cell division

Answer 54

GAP 2

Question 55

a type of cell division which occurs on body cells or somatic cells; results in identical daughter cells; functions for growth, development, and repair of the body

Answer 55

MITOSIS

Question 56

- chromatins condense into chromosomes and become visible - the nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope disintegrates - centrioles duplicate and start producing spindle fibers - nucleolus disappears

Answer 56

PROPHASE

Question 57

- spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes - alignment of chromosomes at the middle of the cell

Answer 57

METAPHASE

Question 58

- spindle fibers start to shorten - separation of chromosomes to chromatids, centromere breaks apart, moving to the opposite poles of the cell - non-kinetochore spindle fibers lengthens, which elongates the cell -

Answer 58

ANAPHASE

Question 59

- opposite of prophase - chromatids reach the opposite poles of the cell and become chromatins - nuclear membrane reintegrates - nucleolus reappears - formation of the cleavage furrow

Answer 59

TELOPHASE

Question 60

- derived from the Greek words: “cyto”, which means cell; and “kinesis”, which means motion, cytokinesis can be directly translated as cell movement - the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells

Answer 60

CYTOKINESIS

Question 61

- chromosome condenses and become visible - the nuclear membrane disintegrates - centrioles start producing spindle fibers - nucleolus disappears

Answer 61

PROPHASE I

Question 62

replicated chromosome condenses [sub-stage]

Answer 62

LEPTOTENE

Question 63

- synapsis begins (pairing of homologous chromosome forming 4 chromatids called tetrad/bivalent/bivalent tetrad) - synaptonemal complex - structure that binds to non-sister chromatids to form tetrads [sub-stage]

Answer 63

ZYGOTENE

Question 64

- crossing over occurs (process of physical exchange of chromosome region; genetic material recombination) - chiasma - area of contact between two non-sister chromatids [sub-stage]

Answer 64

PACHYTENE

Question 65

- spindle fibers attach to the center of homologous chromosomes - homologous chromosomes align at the center of the cell

Answer 65

METAPHASE I

Question 66

the homologous chromosomes are pulled apart and move apart to opposite ends of the cell

Answer 66

ANAPHASE I

Question 67

two pairs of non-sister chromatids begin to disintegrates (synaptonemal complex disintegrates) {sub-stage]

Answer 67

DIPLOTENE

Question 68

- nuclear membrane and nucleolus dissolved - end of prophase I [sub-stage]

Answer 68

DIAKINESIS

Question 69

- chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell - the nuclear membrane reintegrates - formation of the cleavage furrow - pre-Cytokinesis

Answer 69

TELOPHASE I

Question 70

the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells with half number of chromosome

Answer 70

CYTOKINESIS

Question 71

- checkpoints - same process, but without the DNA replication - cell growth

Answer 71

INTERKINESIS

Question 72

- chromatins condense into chromosomes and become visible - the nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope disintegrates - centrioles duplicate and start producing spindle fibers - nucleolus disappears

Answer 72

PROPHASE II

Question 73

dyads align at equatorial plate

Answer 73

METAPHASE II

Question 74

sister chromatids move away from each other going to the opposite side

Answer 74

ANAPHASE II

Question 75

formation of cleavage furrow

Answer 75

TELOPHASE II

Question 76

- formation of four haploid daughter cells in each cell

Answer 76

CYTOKINESIS