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Introduction to Philosophy > Lesson 1 - History and Branches of Philosophy (ANCIENT TO MEDIEVAL) > Flashcards

Lesson 1 - History and Branches of Philosophy (ANCIENT TO MEDIEVAL) Flashcards

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1
Q

“philo” means

A

love

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2
Q

“sophia” means

A

wisdom

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3
Q

the person who coined the word philosophy/philosopher

A

Pythagoras

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4
Q

study of general problems
concerning matters such as existence,
knowledge, truth, beauty, justice,
validity, mind, language

A

PHILOSOPHY

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5
Q

distinguished from mysticism or mythology by its critical and systematic approach.

A

PHILOSOPHY

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6
Q

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

A

Metaphysics

Epistemology

Ethics

Aesthetic

Logic

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7
Q

nature of being and reality (ontology, cosmology,

but also mysticism, theology)

A

Metaphysics

-what is life?

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8
Q

nature and scope of knowledge and belief (truth,

justification, methodology)

A

Epistemology

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9
Q

concerned with questions of how persons ought to act (morality, virtue)

A

Ethics

‘moral philosophy’

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10
Q

deals with beauty (art, enjoyment, sensory-emotional values).

A

Aesthetic

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11
Q

deals with patterns of thinking that lead from true premises to true conclusions.

A

Logic

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12
Q

FACULTIES IN PHILOSOPHY

A

Idealism

Pragmatism

Existentialism

Essentialism

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13
Q

ideas are the only reliable form of reality.

A

Idealism

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14
Q

rejects the idea of absolute, unchanging truth.

A

Pragmatism

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15
Q

individuals create their own existence in their own unique way.

A

Existentialism

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16
Q

̈the belief that core of information exists that all people should possess.

A

Essentialism:

  • go with the flow
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17
Q

WESTERN PHILOSOPHY – HISTORICAL DIVISION

A 
Ancient philosophy (Greece 6th ct BC – 6th
AC)

Medieval philosophy (6th AC - 14th AC),

Renaissance (14th AC – 17th)

Early modern phil. (17th – 19th)

Nineteenth cent. phil.

Contemporary philosophy

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18
Q

handmaid of theology

A

PHILOSOPHY

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19
Q

Ancient philosophy is divided into two

A

Pre-Socratic and Socratic Philosophy

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20
Q

EASTERN PHILOSOPHY

A

Persian philosophy (e.g. Zoroastrianism)

Indian philosophy (Buddhism, Hindu)

Chinese philosophy (Taoism, Konfucionalism)

Korean, Japanese, African…

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21
Q

ANCIENT WESTERN PHILOSOPHY – TEMPORAL

DIVISION

A

Pre-Socratic period

Classical periods (Socrates, Plato,
Aristotle)

Hellenistic (post-Aristotelian) period

Christian (and Neo-Platonist) philosophy (Medieval Period)

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22
Q

Role of myths in philosophy - Auguste Comte

A

Entertainment

encourage group self consciousness, nation

consolidation of moral and social
system

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23
Q

PRE-SOCRATIC:

first philosopher

A

Thales of Miletus/MILETUS THALES

politics, astronomy, geometry…(Thales theorem, Thales circle, rangefinder, division of celestial sphere)

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24
Q

believed that that the world only consisted of water and the world was flat and was floating on the ocean

A

Thales of Miletus

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25
HERITAGE OF MILESIANS complex can be reduced to simple, many to few or even one; western thinking
Reductionism
26
everything comes from one principle – but inconsistent;
Monism
27
All rational approach and all science is based | on reduction
(inner and outer reductionism)
28
Miletus fell under Persia – the end of Milesian | philosophy
547 BC 479 BC - Miletus rebuilt 334 BC - captured by Alexander the Great 133 - part of Roman empire, Byzantine empire 1328 AD till now - under Turkish rule (Balat)
29
Basic difference to Eastern thinking
Holism
30
debunked the statement of earth being covered with water
Pythagoras of Samos Disciple of Anaximander Rational Numbers
31
School of Pythagoras
Number or limit is the basic principle
32
theorem, doctrine teaching: esoteric and | exoteric
MATHEMATICA (mathematics)
33
harmony, Universe
COSMOS (order, jewel)
34
principle of unification; joint fastening
HARMONIA (harmony)
35
principle of personal identity
PSYCHE (soul)
36
followers of pythagoras
Neopythagoreism
37
against democracy and advocated | ARISTOCRACY
Heraclitus of Ephesus - earth is also composed of fire
38
skoteinos means
dark
39
Dynamical approach
YOU CANNOT STEP TWICE INTO THE SAME RIVER. - cratylus The learning of many things teaches not understanding. IF YOU DO NOT EXPECT THE UNEXPECTED, YOU WILL NOT FIND IT... NATURE LOVES TO HIDE. THE EYES ARE MORE EXACT WITNESSES THAN THE EARS.
40
Heraclitus and Taoism
Laoze (Lao Tzu) | Dynamic approach
41
Stoic philosophy
“Everything flows”
42
philosophers against the stoic philosophy
Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, Heidegger
43
states that the earth is composed of atoms
ATOMISM
44
"I WOULD RATHER FIND A SINGLE CAUSAL EXPLANATION (AITIOLOGIA) THAN GAIN THE KINGDOM OF PERSIA."
- Democritus
45
teachers of wisdom, spontaneous learning
Sophists - subjective; objectivism begone!
46
the use of fallacious argument knowing them to be such Negative approaches
Sophistry
47
"NOTHING EXISTS; IF ANYTHING | EXISTED, IT COULD NOT BE KNOWN; IF ANYTHING DID EXIST, AND COULD BE KNOWN, IT COULD NOT BE COMMUNICATED."
- Gorgias
48
self proclaimed first philosopher and father of philosophy
Pythagoras
49
he realized how little we know about anything
Socrates - follower of sophists father: sculptor mother: midwife
50
dialectic method, based on dialogues
Socratic method
51
the starting point,
Self-knowledge
52
"WHATEVER EXISTS FOR A USEFUL PURPOSE | MUST BE THE WORK OF SOME INTELLIGENCE"
Socrates
53
Socratic moral paradox
Knowledge – virtue Ignorance – evil Sin – the lack of knowledge
54
"NO ONE FREELY GOES FOR BAD THING OR THING HE BELIEVES TO BE BAD."
Socrates
55
Great poetic writer (unlike Socrates)
Plato
56
"AS IN THE CASE OF A SHIP, WHERE THE PILOT’S AUTHORITY RESTS UPON KNOWLEDGE OF NAVIGATION, SO ALSO THE SHIP OF STATE SHOULD BE PILOTED NOT BY ALL CITIZENS, LIKE IN DEMOCRACY, BUT BY ONLY ONE WHO HAS ADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE." "Kings were philosophers and philosophers were kings."
Plato
57
Plato own philosophical myths
Atlantis
58
platonic dualistic way of doing
Platoism
59
Plato's ideal state
"UNLESS PHILOSOPHERS BECOME RULERS OR RULERS BECOME TRUE AND THOROUGH STUDENTS OF PHILOSOPHY, THERE SHALL BE NO END TO THE TROUBLES OF STATES AND OF HUMANITY."
60
corresponding to the reasonable soul
rulers
61
corresponding to desire
producers
62
corresponding to courage
warriors
63
State absolutism
totalitarianism
64
he said that there is a dual world of a form and world of ideas
Plato - idealistic - the ruler king (useless=death) - 36 dialogues, letters
65
he said that philosophers were the best rulers
Plato
66
he started syllogisms or the schemes of logical judgements
Aristotle
67
"THANKS TO MY FATHER I AM LIVING, THANKS TO ARISTOTLE I KNOW HOW TO LIVE." ``` "THE ATHENIANS MIGHT NOT HAVE ANOTHER OPPORTUNITY OF SINNING AGAINST PHILOSOPHY AS THEY HAD ALREADY DONE IN THE PERSON OF SOCRATES." ```
Alexander the Great
68
declared as the father of philosophy by the public
Aristotle
69
ARISTOTLE AND ARISTOTELISM
Logic Syllogisms Metaphysics Physics
70
"The best form of government is that, which best suits the character of the people." "IT IS CLEAR THAT SOME MEN ARE BY NATURE FREE, AND OTHERS SLAVES, AND THAT FOR THESE SLAVERY IS BOTH EXPEDIENT AND RIGHT."
Aristotle
71
earth is in the middle
Geocentric
72
sun is in the middle
Heliocentric
73
how things appear to us, but the same thing appears differently to different people
SKEPTICISM
74
Early Christian writers
Church Fathers Theology and philosophy
75
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY: Christian, Montanist, his own sect, Aggressive sarcastic style
Tertullianus
76
If you want to understand the catholic church, you have to understand Augustine
H. Kung
77
uses philosophy to explain the trinity
AUGUSTIN OF HIPPO
78
“Last Romans and the first scholastic philosopher.”
BOETHIUS
79
"How can we say that we can face to face with God?"
Thomas Aquinas -existence of God
80
seekers or inquirers, basic mood is of doubt
SKEPTIKOI

Introduction to Philosophy (8 decks)

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