Lesson 1 - Industrial Revolution Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
What is the Industrial Revolution?
A
The broad change generated by man in the industrial and technological fields within a period of about six decades by producing goods with the use of machines rather than manual labour
2
Q
When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin?
A
It began during the latter part of the 18th Century in Britain
3
Q
When did the Industrial Revolution spread to other Europe and other countries?
A
By the 19th Century
4
Q
Name 4 European countries engaged in colonization by the 18th Century
A
- Britain
- France
- Portugal
- Spain
5
Q
What is the main reason for the emergence of the Industrial Revolution in Europe?
A
Trade
6
Q
Since when did Europe start developing financial and commercial affairs?
A
Since the 16th Century
7
Q
By the 18th Century, which country was leading in economy?
A
Britain
8
Q
9 Reasons for the emergence of the Industrial Revolution in Britain
A
- Emergence of a wealthy class that can invest in industries due to Britain’s good economy
- Increase in the population of Britain resulting in high demands for goods by its people
- Vast knowledge on sciences as a result of the Renaissance that took place in the 14th and 15th Centuries paving the way to produce new machinery
- Discovery of Minerals such as iron and steel in Britain
- Discovery of coal as fuel
- Increasing the demand of British goods by blocking its colonies’ trade with other countries resulting in the need of mass production through industries
- The lack of labour due to the encroaching movement and farmers migrating to other countries
- Britain allowing talented individuals to earn money irrespective of social status creating a free social environment which promotes the exchange of innovative ideas
- Britains political stability (The parliment providing tax relief, freedom and support to businesses)
9
Q
How did Britain increase the demands of its goods?
A
By blocking commercial relationships of its colonies with other countries forcing them to purchase goods from Britain
10
Q
Name a British item that had a high demand placed on it by India
A
British cotton clothes
11
Q
What is the encroaching movement?
A
Rich landowners combining small lands owned by poor farmers to make large farms
12
Q
3 Services provided by the British parliment that improved its political stability
A
- Freedom
- Tax relief
- Support to businesses
13
Q
Name the 3 main industries the industrial revolution was based on
A
- Textile industry
- Iron and steel industry
- Coal industry
14
Q
Name 3 other fields that developed after the development of the 3 main industries of the industrial revolution
A
- Transport
- Communication
- Agriculture
15
Q
Who invented the flying shuttle and when?
A
John K. in 1733
16
Q
Threads produced by how many thread makers were enough for one weaver to work one day?
A
Six thread makers
17
Q
What invention increased the speed of weaving clothes?
A
The flying shuttle
18
Q
Who made ‘Jenny’ and when?
A
James Hargreaves in 1764
19
Q
Name a manually operated machine used for cotton weaving
A
‘Jenny’
20
Q
What was Richard Arkwright’s creation and when was it made?
A
The water turbine made in 1769
21
Q
What was the spinning wheel of Arkwright’s water turbine powered by?
A
Water
22
Q
2 Disadvantages of Arkwright’s water turbine
A
- Too large to be kept in households
- Necessity of a continuous flow of water to function
23
Q
Who made ‘Mule’ and when?
A
Samuel Crompton in 1779
24
Q
What were the 2 inventions that influenced the creation of ‘Mule’?
A
Jenny and Water Turbine
25
'Mule' produced ..... and ..... threads
finer (good quality), stronger
26
What did Edmund Cartwright do?
He improved 'Mule' by finding a way to make it run on steam in 1785
27
Why did Britain need to improve the textile industry?
High demands from its colonies for textile
28
Before the industrial revolution, what did Britains use to smelt ores?
Firewood
29
Who found the method of smelting iron ore by using coal and when? What was produced using this method?
Abraham Darby in 1730
Moulded iron was produced
30
Who invented the 'Roller' and when?
Henri Cort in 1784
31
What could be produced using Henri Cort's invention?
Tempered iron
32
Who found the method of producing steel by removing dirt from iron and when?
Henri Bessemer in 1856
33
When was the open oven method invented?
In 1860
34
How was the open oven method invented?
By developing the method of producing steel by removing dirt from iron
35
3 Advantages of the open oven method of producing steel
1. Production of high quality steel
2. Cheap
3. Time efficient
36
Who invented the electric iron for for smelting ores and when?
Wilhelm Siemens in 1870
37
What caused the industrialization of the iron and steel industry?
High demands of iron and steel for the production of machinery
38
3 places where coal mines were situated in Britain
1. South Wales
2. Yorkshire
3. Lancashire
39
3 Uses of coal as a fuel
1. Smelting ore
2. Running machines
3. Household activities
40
4 Issues coal miners come across
1. Water collecting in mines when digging deep
2. Poisonous gases in mines
3. Heat
4. Insufficient light
41
Who made the steam engine which was used to pump water out of mines and artificially cool the air and when?
Thomas Newcomen in 1735
42
2 Issues of Thomas Newcomen's steam engine
1. Inefficient
2. Cannot be used in other industries
43
Who developed Thomas Newcomen's steam engine and when?
James Watt in 1736
44
Who resolved the issue of providing light to mines and what was the invention?
Humphry Davy and the safety lamp in 1812
45
In 1839, what was the new method of taking out coal from mines?
Using iron cables instead of women and children using copper cables to take out resources
46
6 Uses of coal
1. Production of tar for the construction of roads by burning coal
2. Producing paints necessary for dyeing clothes
3. Production of medicine
4. Production of perfume
5. Production of oil
6. Production of fertilizers
47
What are the 2 types of expansion?
1. Expansion of the industrial revolution to other fields
2. Expansion of the industrial revolution to other countries
48
Why was there a necessity to develop road systems?
Because raw materials and products needed to be transported to factories and markets as the industrial sector developed
49
What was the new method of making roads introduced in 1811?
The Mcadam method
50
Who introduced the Mcadam method?
John McAdam
51
How were roads made according to the Mcadam method?
By spreading small pieces of granite over large stones and soil and pounding them
52
2 Places where the Mcadam method of building roads was used
1. Britain
2. Scotland
53
Who made the steam engine in 1814?
George Stephenson
54
When was George Stephenson able to read and write?
At age 17
55
Who made the steamboat?Mention his/her name, nationality and the year it was made in
American Robert Fulton, 1807
56
Who made the steam ship and when?
Henry Bell in 1811
57
What was the steam ship used for?
Transporting passengers
58
What was the steam ship's first source of fuel before coal?
Firewood
59
Who was the German that made the first motor car? When was it made?
Daimler in 1885
60
Who made the first plane and when?
The Wright Brothers in 1903
61
Name an issue of the Postal system in Britain before the Industrial revolution
Posting letters was expensive
62
When were communication methods using electronics conducted?
From the 19th Century
63
Who invented the telephone and when?
Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
64
When was the "Penny Postal Service" started?
In 1840
65
When was the "Penny Postal Service" started?
In 1840
66
What was the cost per use of the Penny Postal Service?
A penny
67
Who started the telegraph service and when?
Samuel Morse in 1844
68
How did the telegraph service work?
By sending messages through a cable using symbols
69
Name 2 inventions in the field of communication in 1895 and their respective creators
1. The radio - Guglielmo Marconi
2. The television - John Logie Baird
70
4 Factors that affected the development of agriculture
1. Beginning of mega farms
2. Changing of crops
3. New technologies of animal husbandry
4. New agricultural methods and equipment
71
Why did people in villages move to cities leaving their lands?
Because cities were more industrialized
72
2 Advantages of changing crops when cultivating
1. Reduction of diseases
2. Increase in productivity
73
Who made findings of the breeding of sheep?
Robert Bakewell
74
Who introduced the line sowing method?
| Horses tethered ploughs in this method
Jethro Tull
75
2 Advantages of the line sowing method
1. Reduction of the number of seeds used
2. High productivity
76
3 Uses of machines in the field of agriculture
1. Clearing forests
2. Producing seeds
3. Preparing land
77
A manure produced in Africa in 1800
Guano fertilizers
78
Why was there a high demand for agro products?
Because agricultural and animal products were sold at cheaper prices as less money was spent on storing and transporting them
79
3 Continents the industrial revolution spread to other than Europe
1. American continents
2. Asia
3. Africa
80
3 Reasons for the spread of the industrial revolution to other countries
1. Increase in demand of goods due to the rapid increase in population
2. Development of transport in Europe
3. Discovery of coal in France and Germany
81
Name 2 countries where coal was discovered
1. France
2. Germany
82
2 Countries in which industrial centers emerged
1. France
2. Germany
83
5 European countries the industrial revolution spread to
1. France
2. Belgium
3. Austria
4. Hungary
5. Prussia
84
How long were the Austrian Empire's roads?
30 000 miles
85
What happened to the length of Belgium's roads when the industrial revolution reached it?
Their length doubled
86
When did Japan's industrial sector develop enormously?
During the latter part of the 19th century and the first few decades of the 20th century
87
3 Asian countries influenced by the industrial revolution in the 20th Century
1. China
2. India
3. Sri Lanka
88
How did the world become a global village?
Through the spread of the industrial revolution to other countries
89
How did the rich class earn profits?
By exploiting the underprivileged class for its labour
90
What were the results of the rich class exploiting the poor?
Emergence of,
Labour unions
Boycotts
Struggles for rights
91
Who presented the "Laissez-faire" concept?
Adam Smith
92
What does "Laissez-faire" mean?
Reducing the involvement of the government and giving more allowance for private sector involvement in economic matters
93
What is neo-imperialism?
The imperialistic expanison of power through colonization after 1850 till the outbreak of World War I in 1914
94
One change that took place in the economic sector due to the industrial revolution
Expansion of the array of industrial products and commercial activities
95
Why did the self-sufficient economy fall?
| This was also the reason for the emergence of a working class
Because poor farmers moved to industrialized cities to work at a salary
96
What was the result of the corruption of the agro-economic system?
Emergence of the import-export system
97
4 Places where local and foreign businesses developed
1. European countries
2. Asian countries
3. African countries
4. Latin-American countries
98
When did companies consisting of local businessmen convert to multi-national companies?
In the first part of the 19th Century
99
5 Activities multi-national companies were engaged in
1. Production of goods
2. Buying
3. Selling
4. Monetary
5. Banking
100
An issue of the cities emerging in Europe
They were overpopulated
101
By how much did Vienna's population and construction of houses increase within 20 years before 1847?
Population - 20% increase
Building of houses - 11.5% increase
102
A major outcome of industrialization
Formation of a classed society
103
By the 20th Century, who governed the economic activities of European countries?
The class of rich factory owners
104
What are the fractions of the rich class?
1. Aristocrats who owned lands
2. The middle class business owners, small-scale traders, factory owners, bankers, contractors, engineers, lawyers...
105
How did the rich gain massive profits?
By employing labourers for low remuneration/wages
106
How long did the working class have to work for per day?
12 - 14 hours
107
What were the issues of working in factories?
Low sanitary facilities
No security
Exposure of labourers to dangerous equipment
107
What were the issues of working in factories?
Low sanitary facilities
No security
Exposure of labourers to dangerous equipment
108
When did countries start resolving the issues of the working class?
By the 18th and 19th centuries
109
Why was Sri Lanka affected by the industrial revolution?
Because Sri Lanka was a British colony
110
Who started mega scale cultivation in Sri Lanka?
The British
111
3 cultivations factories were started for in Sri Lanka
1. Tea
2. Rubber
3. Coconut
112
4 Major incidents that occurred in Sri Lanka due to the industrial revolution
1. Starting mills to pound coffee by Governor Fedric North in 1804
2. Using machines in tea factories
3. Using machines to prepare for rubber exporting
4. Implementation of the Mcadam method in 1885
113
Who belonged to the affluent class?
Landowners and factory owners
114
The 2 divisions of the affluent class
1. Wealthy class
2. Educated middle class
115
Why were banks started in Sri Lanka?
In order to handle financial transactions between countries in import and export affairs
116
Why did Sri Lanka's transport need to be developed?
In order to transport estate products to trade centers and the Colombo harbour
117
Before Sri Lanka's transportation developed, what was the main way of transporting goods?
By carts
118
The 3 roads that led to Kandy
1. Colombo - Kandy
2. Kurunegala - Kandy
3. Dambulla - Kandy
119
During which governor's time was the Colombo - Kandy road constructed?
Edward Barns
120
What materials were used to make roads in Sri Lanka?
Stone and tar
121
How were bridges in Sri Lanka improved?
By converting wooden bridges to iron bridges
122
Who was the governor that started laying railways?
Henry Ward
123
When was the construction of the Kandy railway started and ended?
Started in 1858
Ended in 1863
124
When was the train service of transportation from Colombo to Kandy started?
August, 1867
125
What were the two extensions of the train service that started in August, 1867 and when were they implemented?
Extension from Peradeniya to Nawalapitiya in 1871
Extension to Bandarawela in 1899
126
Why did trade centers start in Sri Lanka?
Because of the development of road and transportation
127
5 Cities in Sri Lanka that were densely populated
1. Badulla
2. Gampola
3. Ratnapura
4. Matale
5. Colombo
128
How were messagers sent at first in Sri Lanka?
Via messengers
129
When was an official postal system started in Sri Lanka?
In 1815
130
5 Cities that were connected to the postal system started in 1815
1. Colombo
2. Trincomalee
3. Galle
4. Kandy
5. Jaffna
131
How did the postal system that started in 1815 function?
Using chariots
132
What was the significance of using running chariots in Sri Lanka back then?
It was the first time they were used in Asia
133
When was Sri Lanka's first postal stamp issued?
In 1857
134
By 1903, how many post offices had been in Sri Lanka?
340
135
When was the telegram service started in Sri Lanka?
In 1858
