Lesson 1: INTRODUCTION

Question 1

A branch of biology that is focused on the animal parasites of humans and their significance to public health

Answer 1

Medical Parasitology

Question 2

Obtaining food at the expense of others

Answer 2

Parasitos

Question 3

What are the 2 ways parasites can make food?

Answer 3

○ Predation
(Predator and Prey) – attacker and victim
○ Scavenging
(Scavenger) – the parasites feed off from dead animals.
Utilize dead animals for food.

Question 4

A type of host that harbors the adult or sexually mature stage of parasite

Answer 4

Definitive/Final Host

Question 5

An example of parasite that completes its life cycle on human (Final Host)

Answer 5

Filariasis

Question 6

A type of host that harbors the larval stage or asexual forms of the parasite. Only needs you to grow but the parasite will need to transfer to another
host to complete their life cycle.

Answer 6

Intermediate Host

Question 7

An example of specie that recognize snail (Zombie Snail) as their intermediate host

Answer 7

Trematodes

Question 8

Considered as the special stage. A type of host that harbors underdeveloped stage/arrested stage of development

Answer 8

Paratenic Host

Question 9

An example of specie that recognize wild boar as their Paratenic host. Its original intermediate host is crab

Answer 9

Paragonomiasis (Paragonimus westermani)

Question 10

Alternative host to a parasite that is harbored normally by humans

Answer 10

Reservoir Host

Question 11

Its reservoir host is pigs

Answer 11

Balantidium coli

Question 12

It is when some parasite’s mode of transmission is when you ingest contaminated food or water by fecal matter (example: Mosquito)

Answer 12

MECHANICAL VECTOR

Question 13

Non-arthropod mechanical vector are known as

Answer 13

Paratenic Host

Question 14

Organisms that depend on the host for survival

Answer 14

Parasite

Question 15

An OBLIGATE parasite that cannot survive without a host.

It is a protozoan that is usually obtained from contaminated food and water.

Answer 15

Entamoeba histolytica

Question 16

A FACULTATIVE parasite that can be free living, but if there’s an available host then they can enter that human host and cause disease

Answer 16

Acanthamoeba castellani

(can cause keratitis)

Question 17

A TEMPORARY parasite that only need a host for a specific part of their life cycle, but after
that they can survive as free-living organisms.

Answer 17

Fasciola hepatica

Question 18

An INTERMITTENT parasite that is not a protozoa, it only needs a host when they are hungry and need food, if they
don’t need food then they don’t need to stick with the host

Answer 18

Mosquito

(other example of intermittent is Ticks and surot)

Question 19

the living together of unlike organisms

Answer 19

Symbiosis

Question 20

a symbiotic
relationship in which two species live together and one species benefits from the relationship
without harming or benefiting the other.

Answer 20

Commensalism

Question 21

An example of specie with commensalism relationship found in the intestinal lumen that supply nourishment

Answer 21

Entamoeba coli

Question 22

a symbiosis in which two organisms mutually benefit from each other

Answer 22

Mutualism

Question 23

An example of specie with mutualism relationship that has flagellates in its digestive system that synthesize cellulase to aid in the breakdown of ingested wood

Answer 23

Termites

Question 24

a symbiotic
relationship where one organism, the parasite, lives in or on another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of the
host.

Answer 24

Parasitism

Question 25

It has a parasitism relationship where in it derives nutrition from the human host and causes amebic dysentery

Answer 25

Entamoeba histolytica

Question 26

A parasite with a habitat that needs to survive inside the host. It may be in the bloodstream or blood circulation (infection)

Answer 26

Endoparasite (Within the host)

Question 27

A parasite with a habitat that only survives outside the host (infestation)

Answer 27

Ectoparasite (Outside the host)

Question 28

It is when the unusual place or habitat wherein parasites are found in their unusual place or outside of their normal habitat.

Answer 28

Erratic

Question 29

It has an erratic habitat that is normally found in the intestinal tract of the patient such as the large and small intestines, but sometimes they can be in other parts of the body.

Answer 29

Helminth

Question 30

When protozoans are able to multiply in fecal matter outside the human body

Answer 30

Coprophilic (fecal loving) “copro” = feces

Question 31

A parasite that lives inside red blood cells

Answer 31

Hematozoic

Question 32

Known to be Hematozoic

Answer 32

Malarial parasites / plasmodium parasite

Question 33

A parasite that lives inside cells or tissues

Answer 33

Cytozoic

Question 34

A parasite that lives in body cavities

Answer 34

Coelozoic

Question 35

An example of Coelozoic parasite

Answer 35

Mansonella spp.

Question 36

A parasite residing in the intestines

Answer 36

Enterozoic

Question 37

An adaptation where in they lost some enzymes to further perform their roles as parasites.

Answer 37

Physiologic Adaptation

Question 38

An adaptation where in they developed morphological features such as gaining cilia and suckers (Encystation). The loss of organs

Answer 38

Morphologic Adaptation

Question 39

An adaptation where in there is an Alteration of metabolic pathways

Answer 39

Biochemical Changes

Question 40

Inability of parasites to synthesize certain cellular components and the need of the parasite to obtain these from a host

Answer 40

STREAMLINING

Question 41

A trematode that can obstruct the intestines

Answer 41

Fasciolopsis buski (suckers)

Question 42

A protozoa/amoeba that destroys tissue in the intestinal wall

Answer 42

Entamoeba histolytica (enzymes)

Question 43

An apicomplexian that is hematozoic in nature and destroys RBC which can cause ischemia and malaria

Answer 43

Plasmodium falciparum

Question 44

A nematode (roundworm) that create holes in the intestinal wall and perforates the bowel wall

Answer 44

Ascaris lumbricoides

Question 45

A Nematodes (roundworm) that cause Microcytic hypochromic anemia

Answer 45

Human hookworms (N. americanus and A. duodenale)

Question 46

A Cestode (tapeworm) that causes Megaloblastic anemia

Answer 46

Dibothriocephalus latus

Question 47

can determine your resistance or susceptibility to plasmodium, the malarial parasite.

Answer 47

Blood type

Question 48

What causes the appearance of amoebiasis symptoms and making you more susceptible to intestinal protozoan infection, or more susceptible to amoebiasis.

Answer 48

when host has Low protein diet

Question 49

What favors developmental of tapeworms?

Answer 49

Host with rich carbohydrate diet

Question 50

With this diet, you are not favorable of developing intestinal protozoa

Answer 50

High protein diet

Question 51

Having this trait makes you resistant to Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum)

Answer 51

Sickle cell trait

Question 52

What makes a host resistant to Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax)

Answer 52

Duffy null phenotype (duffy blood group)

Question 53

A subphyla of phylum sarcomastigophora that moves by means of flagella. It inhabits the tissues

Answer 53

Mastigophora or flagellates

Question 54

Flagellates found in the alimentary canal that are pathogenic

Answer 54

Giardia lamblia and Dientamoeba fragilis

Question 55

An example of sarcodina (subphyla of phylum sarcomastigophora) that is an important pathogen

Answer 55

Entamoeba histolytica

Question 56

A phylum apicomplexa found in the mucosa of the intestinal tract

Answer 56

Isospora, Cyclospora, Cryptosporidium, and Sarcocystis

Question 57

A phylum apicomplexa found in various organs and tissues

Answer 57

Taxoplasma and Sarcocystis

Question 58

A phylum that rarely cause disease in immunocompetent persons but may affect immunosuppressed persons

Answer 58

Phylum microsporidia

Question 59

The only ciliate parasite of human found in the intestinal tract

Answer 59

Balantidium coli

Question 60

A phylum where male are smaller than female. The male has copulatory structures like spicule or bursa

Answer 60

Phylum Nemathelminthes

Question 61

Parasite acquired from soils through ingestion

Answer 61

Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura

Question 62

Parasite acquired from soils through skin penetration

Answer 62

Hookworm, Stronglyoides stercoralis

Question 63

A vector that transmits the parasite only after it has completed its development within the host. A carrier and growth

Answer 63

Biological Vector

Question 64

What parasite does the tsetse fly carry?

Answer 64

Trypanosoma brucei Stage: Trypomastigote (hemoflagellate) Causes: Sleeping Disease

Question 65

What parasite does the mosquito carry?

Answer 65

1. Plasmodium spp. Stage: Trophozoite 2. Wuchereria bancrofti Stage: Microfilaria (nematode)

Question 66

What parasite does the Reduviid Bug carry?

Answer 66

Trypanosoma cruzi Stage: Trypomastigote

Question 67

What parasite does the Sand-fly carry?

Answer 67

Leishmania spp. Stage: Amastigote

Question 68

What parasite does the Ticks carry?

Answer 68

Babesia microti Stage: Trophozoite

Question 69

What parasite does these vectors carry ● Snails – ● Black fly – ● Fruit fly – ● Copepods –

Answer 69

● Snails – Schistosoma spp. ● Black fly – Onchocerca volvulus ● Fruit fly – Loa loa ● Copepods – Dracunculis medinensis

Question 70

Parasites found in pork

Answer 70

Taenia solium (tapeworm) Trichinella spiralis (nematode) Toxoplasma gondii (protozoa)

Question 71

Parasites found in beef

Answer 71

Taenia saginata (Beef tapeworm, cestode)

Question 72

Parasites found in Fish/Crabs

Answer 72

Trematodes 1. Heterophyes heterophyes 2. Clonorchis spp. 3. Opistorchis spp. 4. Paragonimus westermani (host: wild boar)

Question 73

Parasites found in Vegetable

Answer 73

Flukes, trematodes Fasciola spp. Fasciolopsis buski

Question 74

Parasites found in Water

Answer 74

protozoans 1. Intestinal Amoeba 2. Intestinal flagellates 3. Intestinal Coccidian Most Infective in cyst stage

Question 75

Parasite obtained through sexual contact

Answer 75

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 76

Parasite known as the society worm which is very easily transmitted through skin contact

Answer 76

Enterobius vermicularis (Roundworm/nematode)

Question 77

A situation where the anus itch at night because Enterobius vermicularis lays eggs at night

Answer 77

Nocturnal perianal pruritis

Question 78

Life stages of METAZOAN PARASITE

Answer 78

○ Ova – if the germ cell is within the uterus of the adult parasite. ○ Egg – if it’s already outside of the uterus of the adult parasite. ○ Larvae – is the young form of the worm. ○ Adult – mature form of the helminth or the parasitic worm.

Question 79

Life stages of PROTOZOAN PARASITE

Answer 79

Cyst – refers to the non-motile stage of the protozoan, non-feeding and resistant to harsh environment Trophozoites – refers to the motile stage of the protozoan ○ Feeding or active stage of the parasite ○ Can move around

Question 80

Transformation from trophozoite to cyst stage

Answer 80

Encystation

Question 81

Transformation from cyst to trophozoite stage

Answer 81

Excystation

Question 82

Metazoan sexual reproduction when the parasite produces eggs that hatch outside the mother

Answer 82

Oviparous

Question 83

Metazoan sexual reproduction when the egg hatch while still inside the adult worm

Answer 83

Ovoviviparous

Question 84

Metazoan sexual reproduction when the adult worm bears larvae directly

Answer 84

Larviparous

Question 85

What is the mode of reproduction of most protozoans

Answer 85

Binary fission (Asexual)

Question 86

What parasite can invade through Trans mammary route such as breast milk and through transplacental or vertical transmission

Answer 86

Toxoplasma gondii

Question 87

Parasites that may enter through mouth

Answer 87

○ Embryonated Egg – Ascaris, Trichuris ○ Cyst – Entamoeba histolytica ○ Metacercaria – Fasciola spp. ○ Trophozoite – Entamoeba gingivalis (stage - specie)

Question 88

Parasites that may enter through skin (arthropods)

Answer 88

○ Filariform Larvae – Hookworm and Strongyloides stercoralis ○ Cercaria – Schistosoma japonicum (Fluke, skin) ○ Sporozoites – Plasmodium spp. (mosquito) ○ Trypomastigote – Trypanosoma spp. (Tsetse fly) (stage-specie)

Question 89

Parasites that may enter through intranasal

Answer 89

Naegleria fowleri (stage: Trophozoite) – found in the bodies of water and may cause brain damage and death

Question 90

Ascaris, Trichuris, Hookworm, Taenia, and Entamoeba can exit through

Answer 90

Stool

Question 91

Plasmodium spp., Wuchereria, Trypanosoma can exit through

Answer 91

Blood (Malarial parasites or Plasmodium spp.: can only exit your system if another mosquito feeds and ingests the malarial parasites)

Question 92

Paragonimus and Ascaris may exit through

Answer 92

Sputum

Question 93

Schistosoma haematobium and Trichomonas vaginalis can exit through

Answer 93

Urine

Question 94

number of worms per infected person

Answer 94

Intensity of Infection