Lesson 1- Introduction To Anatomy, Bones And Joints

Question 1

Whats the name of the joint between the 2 hip bones anteriorly and what type of joint is this?

Answer 1

Pubic symphysis- secondary cartilaginous joint

Question 2

What the bony process on the skull behind the ear called?

Answer 2

Mastoid process of ulna

Question 3

At what vertebral level is the xiphoid process at?

Answer 3

T9

Question 4

At what vertebral level does the sternal angle lie?

Answer 4

T2

Question 5

What’s the name for the prominences immediately above the elbow joint?

Answer 5

Medial and lateral humeral epicondyles

Question 6

What’s the medical term for the elbow?

Answer 6

Olecranon process of ulna

Question 7

What is the large bony protuberance at the proximal end of the femur?

Answer 7

Greater trochanter of femur

Question 8

What’s the name for the bony prominence on each side of the ankle?

Answer 8

Medial and lateral malleolus

Question 9

The transverse plane through the T4 vertebral angle sometimes referred to as?

Answer 9

The sternomanubrial plane / manubriosternal plane

Question 10

At what vertebral level is the summit of the lilac crest?

And a transverse plane through this vertebral level is often referred to as what?

Answer 10

L5
Intercristal plane (‘between the crests’)

Question 11

At what vertebral level is the xiphisternal joint located?

Answer 11

T9

Question 12

Which embriological layer gives rise to bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle?

Answer 12

Mesoderm

Question 13

Which does the embryonic ectoderm layer give rise to?

Answer 13

Nervous tissue.

Question 14

What embryonic layer is:

1) skin and 2) smooth muscle, derived from?

Answer 14

1) epidermis = ectoderm and dermis = mesoderm

2) ectoderm and mesoderm

Question 15

What does the endoderm embryonic layer give origin to?

Answer 15

The intestines.

Question 16

What is the 3 layered trilaminar structure which if formed during embryonic development called?
And describe and name of the process by which it is developed

Answer 16

Trilaminar = gastula

Single layered blastula is re organised into a 3 layered gastrula. This process is called gastrulation.

Question 17

Apart from the epiphyseal growth plate, where else is hyaline cartilage found?

Answer 17

The condylar where it articulates with another bone

Question 18

What is the function of the medullary cavity?

Answer 18

To produce blood cells and platelets

Question 19

Whats the function of the limb girdles?

Answer 19

The limb girdles surround and support the proximal ends of the limbs, and provide a point of attachment for appendicular bones to the axial bones.

Question 20

What is the function of cortical bone and trabecular bone?

Answer 20

Cortical bone provides strength for weight bearing

Trabecular bone facilitates movement of joints and limbs

Question 21

Where is the periosteum found in bone and what is its function?

Answer 21

The periosteum surrounds the outside of cortical bone. It contains blood vessels and nerves which supply the cortical bone. It also gives rise to appositional bone growth (i.e. fracture healing).

Question 22

What is the name for the growth of bone during adolescence?

Answer 22

Interstitial growth.

Question 23

When a bone is fractured what is the name of the growth of the bone to heal the fracture?

Answer 23

Appositional growth

Question 24

Describe intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Give examples of where these occur in the body.

Answer 24

Intramembranous ossification is when the initial foetal membranes becomes ossified i.e flat bones of skull, face, jaw, centre of clavicle

Endochondral ossification is when the hyaline cartilage of adult bone becomes ossified over growth period i.e. forms most bones in the body such as the long bones.

Question 25

The joint formed between the facets of the vertebra are which type of joint?

Answer 25

Synovial plane joint.

Question 26

What’s the name for anatomical variation between each individual?

Answer 26

Inter individual variation

Question 27

What’s the name for an abnormal or marked deviation from the average/ normal standard (anything that is unusual)?

Answer 27

Anatomical anomaly

Question 28

Name and describe the 3 fibrous joints.

Answer 28

Suture - bones are close together and are joined by fibrous tissue i.e. flat bones of skull Gomphosis - peg like process fits into a socket i.e. teach Syndesmosis - bones are joint by an interosseous membrane i.e. ulna and radius

Question 29

What is the function of the fibula?

Answer 29

As a site for muscle attachment

Question 30

Where can you find synovial pivot joints?

Answer 30

Between the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2) | Proximal and distal radioulnar joints.

Question 31

What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

Answer 31

The scapula and clavicle

Question 32

What bone connects the axial to appendicular skeleton of the upper limb?

Answer 32

The clavicle

Question 33

What type of joint is the carpometacarpal joint?

Answer 33

Saddle

Question 34

What type of joint were the metatarsophalangeal joints?

Answer 34

Condyloid

Question 35

What movements occur between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2)

Answer 35

Rotation/pivoting

Question 36

Name 3 axial muscles.

Answer 36

Rectus abdominis Oblique muscles Intercostal muscles

Question 37

Name 2 appendicular muscles which also attach to the trunk.

Answer 37

Pectoralis major and deltoid

Question 38

What type of connective tissue is a tendon?

Answer 38

Dense regular connective tissue

Question 39

What is the name of the stationary and moving end of the attachment of bone to tendons?

Answer 39

``` Stationary = origin Moving = insertion ```

Question 40

What is the thin tendon of the oblique muscles called? And what is their structure?

Answer 40

Aponeurosis | They are flat thin and broad

Question 41

What is the name of a muscle which assists the muscle which causes the movement at that joint? Give an example.

Answer 41

A synergist The brachioradialis assists the biceps brachii in flexion at the elbow joint The brachialis in the humerus assist the biceps brachii in flexion at the elbow joint (Synergists assist AGONIST by bringing out the same joint motion as the agonist).

Question 42

``` What joint(s) does the brachioradialis muscle cross? Name the joint(s) ```

Answer 42

It crosses the elbow joint

Question 43

``` What joint(s) does that brachialis cross? Name this joint(s). ```

Answer 43

The brachialis crosses the shoulder and the elbow joint

Question 44

what joint(s) does the triceps brachii cross?

Answer 44

The triceps brachii cross the shoulder and the elbow joint.

Question 45

What are the skeletal muscles which attach to bones on either side of the midline of the body called? Where do they have their tendon situated? What shape is their tendon?

Answer 45

Diaphragm. They have their tendon situated in the centre of the muscle 3-leafed shaped tendon

Question 46

what is the primary purpose of the diaphragm?

Answer 46

Is to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity to during inspiration. Also separates the thorax from the abdomen.

Question 47

When the diaphragm muscles contract, in which direction do they move?

Answer 47

The muscles contracts and move inferiorly.

Question 48

Muscles that cross 2 joints don’t necessarily perform the same action. Give an example of where this occurs and by which muscle.

Answer 48

The hamstring cross the hip and the knee joint. It can cause flexion of the knee and also extension at the hip. These can occur independently or simultaneously.

Question 49

Name the 3 sections of the deltoid muscle and what movement it causes at the shoulder joint.

Answer 49

Anterior deltoid - flexion of the arm Middle deltoid - abduction of the arm Posterior deltoid - extension of the arm

Question 50

describe what fixator/ stabilising muscles are and give an example.

Answer 50

Fixator/stabilising muscles act to stabilise a joint to which they are attached such that the joint can move efficiently without dislocation. I.e. the shoulder joint has rotator cuff muscles. These muscles form a tendinous cuff around the capsule and joint ligaments which are relatively weak. This stabilises the joint during its movements and keeps it stationary when only movement at the elbow is required.

Question 51

Why does the arrangement of the deep fascia and the compartments of structures assist clinicians in treating some patients?

Answer 51

Assists clinicians in determining the pathway of infection which has spread from a primary site.

Question 52

Draw a cross selection of an arm showing the compartments.

Answer 52

Should contain anterior and posterior compartments Intermuscular septum Deep fascia Superficial fascia

Question 53

Where does the spinal nerves of the brachial plexus and the lumbosacral plexus originate from?

Answer 53

Brachial plexus - S5 to T1 | Lumbosacral plexus - L1to S4

Question 54

The diaphragm is a neuromuscular sheet. True or false?

Answer 54

False its a fribromuscular sheet.

Question 55

Describe what sphincter muscles are and wether they are voluntary or involuntary.

Answer 55

Sphincter muscles are smooth muscles (involuntary) which surround tube-like structures in the body. I.e. pyloric sphincter controls the release of food from the stomach to the intestine. Some sphincter muscles can be skeletal muscles and are voluntary i.e. the anal sphincter and the external urethra sphincter controls the release of urine from the bladder out of the body.

Question 56

where is the teres major muscle located and what structure does it have?

Answer 56

It is located near the inferior angle of the scapula. It is thick and rounded.

Question 57

to what bones does the sternocleidomastoid muscle attach inferiorly (origin) and which bones does it attach superiority (insertion)?

Answer 57

``` Origin = sternum and clavicle Insertion = mastoid process ```

Question 58

does an intercostal nerve lie above or below its corresponding rib?

Answer 58

Below

Question 59

Where does the intercostal nerves supply?

Answer 59

Supplies the intercostal muscles and the abdominal wall muscles from T1-T12

Question 60

State what cutaneous nerves are and what dermatomes are.

Answer 60

Cutaneous nerves are a group of nerves which supply a region of the bodies skin i.e. the arms skin. Dermatomes are specific areas of skin which are supplied by 1 single spinal nerve

Question 61

What surface feature if found at dermatomes T4 and T10?

Answer 61

Nipples | Umbillicus

Question 62

what joint is found at dermatome T2?

Answer 62

Secondary cartilaginous joint - steralmanubrial joint

Question 63

Each fascicle lies within a its own protective sheath called a....

Answer 63

Perineurium

Question 64

What is the endoneurium in a nerve structure?

Answer 64

It is a layer of delicate connective tissue around the myelin sheath of each individual nerve fibre.

Question 65

Whats the difference between bipolar, unipolar and multipolar neurone cells?

Answer 65

Bipolar have one axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body Multipolar have many processes extending from the cell body Unipolar have one process extending from the cell body

Question 66

at what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate?

Answer 66

L1/L2

Question 67

through which foramina do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?

Answer 67

Through the intervertebral foramen

Question 68

What attaches the ulnar and radius?

Answer 68

``` Interosseous membrane (Fibrous joint) ```

Question 69

What’s the name of the T12 intercostal nerve?

Answer 69

The subcostal nerve

Question 70

Why is T12 called the subcostal nerve?

Answer 70

Because it lies below the last rib