Lesson 1 : Introduction to Genetics and Cytogenetics

Question 1

What is Genetics?

Answer 1

Is the study of inherited traits, rooted in DNA, and their variations and transmission.

Question 2

Transmission of traits and biological information between generations.

Answer 2

Heredity

Question 3

Inherited Traits

Answer 3

• Obvious physical characteristics
• Disease and risk of developing disease
• Talents
• Quirks
• Personality traits

Question 4

Are biochemical instructions that tell cells how to manufacture certain proteins.

Answer 4

Genes

Question 5

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 5

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 6

Purpose of DNA

Answer 6

Transmits information in its sequence of four types of building blocks (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)

Question 7

If RNA, replace thymine with ______________

Answer 7

uracil

Question 8

Constituted by a complete set of genetic instructions and characteristics of an organism, including protein-coding genes and other DNA sequences

Answer 8

Genome

Question 9

What is Genomics

Answer 9

field that analyze and compare genomes

Question 10

What is Exome

Answer 10

Tiny slice of the genome responsible for many aspects

Question 11

About ___________________ genes accounting to _____% genome

Answer 11

20,325 & 85%

Question 12

Total Exons of the Genome

Answer 12

Exome

Question 13

Coding Region

Answer 13

Exons

Question 14

What is Exons

Answer 14

type of genes that transcribe into mRNA

Question 15

The complete set of genetic instructions which is stored as genes or sequences of DNA in a particular organism or species is known as the ____________.

Answer 15

Genome

Question 16

A subset of the genome which only consists of the coding genes of a particular organism is known as the _________.

Answer 16

exome

Question 17

The genome is large, about _________________ nucleotides.

Answer 17

3 200 000 000

Question 18

The exome is small, about ___________ nucleotides (__% of the genome).

Answer 18

3 000 000 , 1%

Question 19

Genomes are composed of _____________ including both ___________ and ______________.

Answer 19

total DNA content, coding and noncoding regions

Question 20

Exome contains only _____________ of the _________________ as ____________.

Answer 20

coding regions, total DNA known, exons

Question 21

__________ methods such as _______________________ can be used in sequencing the genome.

Answer 21

Simple, Sanger sequencing

Question 22

___________ methods which include _________________ are required to sequence exome.

Answer 22

Complex, reverse transcription of mature mRNA

Question 23

Levels of Genetics

Answer 23

1. Instructions and information from DNA
2. Genes
3. Chromosomes
4. Genomes
5. Individuals
6. Families
7. Populations

Question 24

Components of DNA

Answer 24

• Phosphate
• Sugar (deoxyribose)
• Base pair (Adenine-Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine)

Question 25

Applications of Genetics and Genomics

Answer 25

Human Genetics - Forensics - Bioethics - Psychology - History Consumer Genetics - Pharmacogenomics Genetic Genealogy - Forensics and Ancestry

Question 26

Compares DNA sequences of individuals to rule out identities, relationships, or ancestry, and can reveal if two individuals are related.

Answer 26

DNA Profiling

Question 27

Considers gene variants to predict whether a specific drug will be effective or cause side effects in an individual

Answer 27

Pharmacogenetics

Question 28

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 28

- body to drug - Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination (ADME)

Question 29

Pharmacodynamic

Answer 29

- drug to body - altering the body’s sensitivity to drug

Question 30

What is Genome Editing

Answer 30

Adds, removes, or replaces specific genes

Question 31

Historical Development 19th century

Answer 31

the universality of cell division as the central phenomenon in the reproduction of organisms was established.

Question 32

expressed it in the famous aphorism "Omnis cellula e cellula." (all cells come from cells)

Answer 32

Virchow

Question 33

stated, "Heredity appears as a consequence of the genetic continuity of the cells by division."

Answer 33

Wilson

Question 34

Observations on the germ cells made by _____________, ___________,_______________,___________ and others gave support to the theory of the continuity of the ____________ proposed by ____________ in _________.

Answer 34

Van Beneden, Flemming, Strasburger, Boveri, germplasm Weismann in 1883

Question 35

This theory stated that the transference of hereditary factors from one generation to the next takes place through the continuity of what he called '_____________,' located on the _______________, and not through ________________.

Answer 35

germ plasm, sex elements, somatic cells.

Question 36

Little attention was paid to Mendel’s work until the botanists _______________,______________, and ___________ in ____________ independently rediscovered Mendel's laws.

Answer 36

Correns, Tschermack, De Vries 1901

Question 37

In addition, cytologists had observed that the cycle the chromosomes undergo in the _____________ of germ cells was related to _______________ _____________.

Answer 37

meiosis, hereditary phenomena

Question 38

_________________ suggested that sex determination was related to some special chromosomes; this theory was later corroborated by _______________ and ____________.

Answer 38

McClung (1901- 1902) Stevens and Wilson (1905)

Question 39

The experimental demonstration of the chromosome theory of heredity was finally established by _______________ and ____________, but it was ____________ and his collaborators, _______________, and ___________, who assigned to the genes (Johannsen), or hereditary units, definite loci within the chromosomes

Answer 39

Boveri and Baltzer Morgan Sturtevant, and Bridges

Question 40

discovery of fertilization of animals by plants

Answer 40

O. Hertwig

Question 41

postulated that chromatin , the substance of the nucleus that constitutes the chromosome must have linear organization

Answer 41

Roux

Question 43

stated that the hereditary units are disposed along the chromosomes in an orderly manner

Answer 43

Weismann

Question 43

What is Molecular genetics

Answer 43

Understand how the genetic material works at the molecular level.

Question 43

Fundamental laws of heredity

Answer 43

Gregor Mendel (1865)

Question 44

What does CRISPR stand for

Answer 44

Clustered Regularly Interpreted Short Palindromic Repeats

Question 44

What is Adaptive immunity

Answer 44

immunity acquired from exposure to an antigen.

Question 44

experimental research on genetics and evolution

Answer 44

Bateson (1906)

Question 44

Is the study of chromosomes and the related disease states caused by abnormal chromosome number and/or structure.

Answer 44

Cytogenetics

Question 44

What is Transmission Genetics

Answer 44

Relationship between the transmission of genes from to offspring and the outcome of the offspring's traits.

Question 44

What is Population Genetics

Answer 44

Helps understand how processes such as natural selection have resulted in the prevalence of individuals that carry particular alleles.

Question 44

Define the ff CYTOLOGY GENETICS

Answer 44

- study of cells - study of heredity

Question 44

- genome editing technology - part of prokaryotic adaptive immunity

Answer 44

CRISPR-Cas9 System

Question 45

found in S. pyogenes

Answer 45

Cas9

Question 45

Spacers

Answer 45

bits of DNA that are foreign, originate from mobile genetic elements

Question 45

Chromosome

Answer 45

23 pairs of somatic chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes , 1 pair of sex chromosomes)