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HEMA311 > Lesson 1: Overview to the Hematology Laboratory > Flashcards

Lesson 1: Overview to the Hematology Laboratory Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

Hematology (word origin)

A

comes from Greek words “Haima” and “Logos”

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2
Q

Hematology

A

In this field, the fundamentals concepts of biology and chemistry are applied to the medical diagnosis and treatment of various disorders or diseases related to or manifested in the blood and bone marrow.

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3
Q

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A

test ordered on nearly everyone who visits a physicians or is admitted to the hospital

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4
Q

1842: Guilio Bizzozero

A

described platelets as “petites plaques”

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5
Q

1902: James Homer Wright

A

developed Wright’s stain

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6
Q

1920: Hematology

A

it was considered separate science from clinical pathology

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7
Q

Wright’s Stain

A

romanowsky type of stain (polychromatic - acidic and basic dyes)

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8
Q

Morphology

A

scientific term for cell appearance

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9
Q

Blood

A

specialized connective tissue

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10
Q

Average volume of Blood (adults)

A

5 liters

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11
Q

Compositions of Blood

A

Liquid Portion

Cellular Portion

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12
Q

Composition of Blood (Liquid)

A

Serum or Plasma (55%)

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13
Q

Composition of Blood (Cellular)

A

Erythrocyte, Leukocyte, and Thrombocyte (45%)

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14
Q

1658: Swammerdam

A

discovery of erythrocytes (RBC)

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15
Q

1674: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

described human erythrocytes

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16
Q

1657: Anthanasius Kircher

A

describe worms in the blood

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17
Q

1846: Wharton Jones

A

distinguished PMN from other leukocytes

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18
Q

1879: Paul Erlich

A

first complete classification of leukocyte

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19
Q

1879: Paul Erlich

A

first complete classification of leukocyte

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20
Q

Blood (in-vivo)

A

color red and is in fluid state

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21
Q

Blood (in-vitro)

A

blood coagulated in 5-10 minutes

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22
Q

Color: Arterial Blood

A

bright red (oxygenated)

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23
Q

Color: Venous Blood

A

dark purplish red (deoxygenated; waste products)

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24
Q

Blood Viscocity

A

3.5-4.5x more viscous than water

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25
Blood Specific Gravity
1.055
26
Blood pH (avg.)
7.40 (approx. 7.35-7.45) maintained by excretion of CO2
27
Blood Volume (age and gender)
makes up 75-85 mL per kilogram of body weight Adult male: 5-6 liters Adult female: 4-5 liters Newborn: 250-350 mL
28
Plasma
liquid portion that transports and nourishes blood cells; provides coagulation enzymes that protect the blood vessels
29
Plasma Color
pale-yellow
30
Plasma Color: Yellow-Brown
icteric plasma (due to increased bilirubin)
31
Plasma Color: Pink
slight hemolysis
32
Plasma Color: Red
gross hemolysis
33
Plasma Components
90% water and 10% solutes
34
Erythrocytes Shape
biconcave (discoid shape cell or discocyte)
35
Erythrocyte Color
salmon pink
36
Erythrocyte Size
6-8 um (approx. 7.2 um)
37
Main Component of RBC
Hemoglobin
38
Hemoglobin
gives RBC its red color; function is to transport oxygen (oxyhemoglobin) and carbon dioxide (deoxyhemoglobin)
39
RBC Central Pallor: Hemoglobin
Normochromic: 1/3 Hyperchromic: <1/3 Hypochromic: > 1/3
40
RBC Central Pallor: Hemoglobin
Normochromic: 1/3 Hyperchromic: <1/3 Hypochromic: > 1/3
41
Anemia
loss of oxygen carrying capacity of the blood; die to decreased RBC count and hemoglobin concentration
42
Polycythemia
increased circulating RBCs
43
RBC Parameters
RBC count Hemoglobin and Hematocrit RBC indices RBC morphology
44
RBC Count
number of red cells in 1uL or 1 liter of blood; used for diagnosis of leukemia and polycythemia
45
Types of RBC Counting
Manual RBC counting Automated cell counters
46
Type of RBC Counting (Manual)
visual counting of red cells using hemacytometer; requires 1:200 dilution
47
RBC diluting fluid
isotonic solution - 0.85% NSS
48
Type of RBC Counting (Automated)
coulter counter - based on the principle of electric impedance
49
RBC Parameter (Hgb)
also called cyanmethemoglobin method (HiCN); gold standard for hemoglobin determination
50
Weak solution used in cyanmethemoglobin method
Drabkin’s reagent (potassium cyanide and potassium ferricyanide)
51
RBC Parameters (Hgb)
Automated analyzer - ionic surfactant (detergent) sodium lauryl sulfate to reduce environmental cyanide
52
Hematocrit
referred to as the packed cell volume; ratio of the volume of packed RBCs to the volume of whole blood; reported as % or L/L
53
Methods of Hematocrit
Macrohematocrit Microhematocrit
54
RBC Indices
Mean Cell Volume (MCV) Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH) Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)
55
RBC Indices
Mean Cell Volume (MCV) Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH) Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)
56
Mean Cell Volume (MCV)
average volume of RBC; 80-100 fL (femtoliter)
57
Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH)
average weight of Hgb in individual RBCs; 27-31 pg
58
Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
average concentration of Hgb per dL of RBCs; 32-36 g/dL
59
RBC Morphology (parameters assessed)
RBC diameter Color or Hemoglobinization RBC shape Cytoplasmic inclusion (not normal)
60
Anisocytosis
general term used in hematology to denote an increased variation in cell size
61
Poikilocytosis
general term for mature erythrocytes that have a shape other than the normal round, biconcave appearance (variation in cell shape)
62
Reticulocytes
polychromatic (polychromatophilic) erythrocytes, newly released from the bone marrow)
63
Reticulocyte (appearance in wright-stained blood film)
0.5-2.5% of RBCs exceed the 7-8 mm average diameter and stain slightly blue-gray
64
Why are RETICULOCUTE closely observed?
because they indicate the ability of the bone marrow to increase RBC production in anemia caused by blood loss pr excessive RBC destruction
65
Vital (supravital stain)
dyes absorbed by live cells; used to differentiate and count reticulocytes; young RBCs contain remnants of RNA in its cytoplasm
66
Leukocytes (WBC)
category of cell types dedicated ti protecting their host from infection and injury
67
Transport of Leukocyte
transported in blood from bone marrow or lymphoid tissue
68
Leukocyte Color
colorless in an unstained cell
69
Leukocytosis
increased WBC count
70
Leukopenia
decreased WBC count
71
Leukemia
uncontrolled proliferation of WBCs
72
Types of Leukocytes
Neutrophil (Band) Eosinophil Basophil Lymphocyte Monocyte
73
Neutrophils
phagocytic cell; bacterial infection Normal Range: 50-70 (1.7-7.5)
74
Neutrophilia
increased neutrophils
75
Neutropenia
decreased neutrophils
76
Band Neutrophils
less mature neutrophil; pink or lavander-staining granules filled with bactericidal secretions LEFT SHIFT - an increase in bands; signals bacterial infection
77
Eosinophil
bright-orange red; parasitic infection Normal Range: 1-3 (0-0.3)
78
Eosinophilia
increased eosinophil
79
Eosinopenia
theoretically not used
80
Basophil
dark purple; contain histamines; allergic reaction Normal Range: 0-2 (0-0.2)
81
Lymphocyte
nearly round; slightly larger than RBC; thin rim of non granular cytoplasm; viral infection Normal Range: 18-42 (1.0-3.2)
82
Lymphopenia
associated with drug therapy or immunodeficiency
83
Monocyte
immature macrophage passing through the blood from its point of origin; indented nuclei Normal Range: 2-11 (0.1-1.3)
84
WBC Parameters
WBC Count WBC differential count
85
WBC Count
refers to number of WBCs in 1uL or 1 loter of blood Leukocytosis: >11,500 uL Leukopenia: <4,500 uL
86
WBC Count (dilution)
1:20; diluent: dilute acid solution (lyses RBCs)
87
WBC Differential Count
technique where 100 WBCs are counted; reported as relative count: % of specific cell
88
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
true blood cells that maintain blood vessel integrity by initiating vessel wall repairs; major cell that control hemostasis; seals wound “cell fragments” - fragments from megakaryocyte
89
Thrombocyte Morphology
Size: 2-4 um diameter; anucleated and slight granular
90
Thrombocytosis
elevated platelet count
91
Essential thrombocythemia
rare malignant condition characterized by extremely high platelet counts and uncontrolled platelet production
92
Thrombocytopenia
low platelet count; may be life threatening
93
Platelet Count
Normal Range: 150-450
94
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
performed on automated blood cell analyzers and includes the RBC, WBC, and platelets
95
CBC Specimen
EDTA, free from clots and hemolysis, sufficient volume
96
CBC Specimen
EDTA, free from clots and hemolysis, sufficient volume
97
CBC Flags
indication when one of the results from the profiling is abnormal; a reflex blood film examination is performed
98
Primary Hemostasis
refers to the role of blood vessels and platelets in response to a vascular injury
99
Secondary Hemostasis (Coagulation Pathway)
describes the activation of a series of coagulation proteins in the plasma
100
Tertiary hemostasis (Fibrinolysis)
final stage of coagulation; third system of enzymes and cofactors digests clots to restore vessel patency
101
Tertiary hemostasis (Fibrinolysis)
final stage of coagulation; third system of enzymes and cofactors digests clots to restore vessel patency
102
Special Hematology Procedures
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydorgenase assay - hemolytic anemia Sickle cell solubility tests - sickle cell anemia Hemoglobin electrophoresis and HPLC - hemoglobin variants Erythrocyte sedimentation rate - inflammation Osmotic fragility test - hemolytic anemia
103
Tests for Hemostasis
Platelet count Mean Platelet Volume Prothrombin Time (PT) Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) Thrombin Time Fibrinogen assays D-dimer assays

HEMA311 (2 decks)

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