Lesson 1 (PRELIMS) Flashcards
(25 cards)
_____ has become closely associated with cancer because the vast majority of cases treated are malignant. It is an important and growing filed of science for the cure and treatment of cancer.
Radiation Therapy
_____ is a wild, disorganized, unrestrained multiplication of rogue cells leading to abnormal growth in a tissue or organ of the body. It is virulent or malignant cell growth.
Cancer
Cancer can manifest itself as a _____ tumor or as a _____ disease throughout the body.
Localized
Disseminated
Rogue cells sometimes spread to the other parts of the body via _____ (bloodstream), _____ or by _____ or seeding. These cells tend to be very aggressive and out of control.
Circulatory
Lymphatic system
Direct extension
Generally, _____ and _____ are used for the control of localized tumors while _____ is reserved for disseminated, widespread disease. Increasingly, two or more methods are being combined for improved rates of cure.
Radiation therapy and surgery
Chemotherapy
_____ or _____ is one of the 3 major forms of cancer treatment besides surgery and chemotherapy.
Radiation Therapy or Radiotherapy
History Background: The use of radiation for therapeutic purposes began with the discovery of x-rays, by_____, a German physicist in _____. While working with cathode rays he discovered that a bottle of platinocyanide in his laboratory fluoresced in the presence of these rays.
WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGEN
1895
History Background: Roentgen produced an image of the bones of the _____ by inadvertently placing this hand between the rays and a sheet of paper soaked in a chemical phosphor. He called this invisible ray _____ and with further experimentation was able to demonstrate differential absorption of the rays in various tissues. He also concluded that X-ray could penetrate various substances but were stopped by _____. Roentgen received Nobel Prize in Physics in _____.
X-rays
hand
lead ( Pb)
1901
History Background: Wilhelm Roentgen coined the name X-ray when he used these rays to create an image of his wife’s hand on a photographic plate revealing her bones. In _____, this achievement made him the first person to ever win the _____.
1901
Nobel Prize in Physics
History Background: While many of us are probably most familiar with Roentgen’s X-rays when seeing doctors treat broken bones, and in some languages, X-rays are even called _____, but X-rays actually have a wide variety of uses. When used in art and cultural artefact restoration, restorers can assess damage and uncover details hidden in artifact, unlocking a wealth of Information about the past. They are also used to check the quality of everyday items like car tires, cables and wires, and even airplanes through a method called non-destructive testing (NDT), which draws on a combination of X-rays and gamma rays. Scientists are also looking at how they can use X-rays to further studies on nuclear fusion.
Roentgen
History Background: About this same time _____ and _____, inspired by the work of _____ who discovered _____, were investigating naturally occurring radioactive substances. Eventually, they were able to isolate a new element _____, and discovered that this element penetrated tissues similar to x-rays.
MARIE CURIE (1867-1934) and PIERRE CURIE (1859- 1906)
HENRI ANTOINE BECQUEREL (1852-1908)
URANIUM
RADIUM
History Background: Because of the difficulty in extracting radium from ore and the amount of ore required, it was not until _____ that sufficient radium was available to treat the first patient. In _____, won the Nobel prize for Physics
_____ THE FATHER OF RADIOACTIVITY.
1902
1903
Henri Bequerel
History Background: Radicactivity was discovered by French physicist _____.
Henri Becquerel
History Background: Three days before, on _____, It was a cloudy day in Paris, which presented a problem for Becquerel. He wanted to show that some minerals glow when exposed to strong light due to X-rays. The weather thwarted this experiment, but led to a new discovery. Discouraged by the weather, Becquerel put the uranium he planned to use In his desk drawer on top of a covered photographic plate.
26 February 1896
History Background: When he returned. I, he found a fogged image of the uranium crystals that had been resting on It, even though the plate was wrapped in heavy black paper. He realized that the crystals were not phosphorescing from sunlight. Instead, he found that the crystals released spontaneous and penetrating rays without any _____
External energy
History Background: Together with his doctoral student, Marie Curie, and her husband Pierre, Becquerel studied this phenomenon, which turned out to be ‘radioactivity — a term that _____ coined. This work earned them the _____ Nobel Prize in Physics.
Marie Curie
1903
History Background: Progress with x-rays continued but it was found that the rays penetrated only _____ into tumors. By increasing the energy of the x-rays this could be overcome, stimulating production of more powerful machines. It soon followed that inserting radium _____ into the body at the tumor site could have a more lethal effect on malignant cells. Assisted by Marie Curie herself, this technique was the advent of _____ today.
Superficially
Directly
BRACHYTHERAPY
Evolution of Radiation Therapy: Less than _____ after the discovery of x-rays, _____, a medical student in Chicago, USA who manufactured hot cathode tubes (x-ray tubes) irradiated the first cancer patient. The patient, _____’s breast cancer was irradiated daily for several weeks but unfortunately the result of this experiment were lost.
2 months
EMIL GRUBBE
ROSE LEE
Evolution of Radiation Therapy: _____, a Swedish pioneer of radiology, is credited with being the first to cure a patient with skin cancer using x-rays in _____. Before the close of the century many treatment results on malignant lesions had been reported, claiming cures for these cancerous conditions.
THOR STENBECK (1864-1914)
1899
Evolution of Radiation Therapy: By the _____’s new machine were capable of producing x-rays with an energy of _____, an improvement of ___ KV machines of earlier date. This was in part due to the invention of the hot cathode x-ray tube by _____.
1920
200 KV
50
WILLIAM COOLIDGE (1873-1975)
Evolution of Radiation Therapy: The _____’s brought radiation therapy into its own as a science. A method of measuring radiation (unit of measure was the _____) was developed resulting in better dosimetry, evaluation and comparison of result.
1930
roentgen
Evolution of Radiation Therapy: The _____’s moved the field from supervoltage (kV) to _____ units of several million volts. Also during this time ______ was able to isolate low intensity electrons for irradiation of superficial tissues demonstrating little damage to deeper structure.
1940
megavoltage (MV)
Van de Graaff
Evolution of Radiation Therapy: In _____ the first linear accelerator was used for patient treatment functioning in the energy range of _____. The advantages were lower skin dose and deeper penetration of the beam causing less changes to normal tissues.
1953
8 MV
Evolution of Radiation Therapy: The _____’s saw vast improvements in the capability to irradiate tumor cells. More simulators were introduced to align the position of the treatment beam using a diagnostic image. _____ of treatment plans and radiation doses were made possible with treatment planning systems.
1960
Computer calculations
