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HISTOPATH > Lesson 1: THE HISTOPATHOLOGY LABORATORY > Flashcards

Lesson 1: THE HISTOPATHOLOGY LABORATORY Flashcards

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1
Q

● Study of tissues affected by disease
● Useful in making a diagnosis and in determining the
severity and progress of a condition

A

Histopathology

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2
Q
A
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2
Q

Duration of specimen storage

A

at least 1-2 weeks

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3
Q

should be stored in the
lab forever

A

Autopsy specimen

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4
Q

obsolete, not often used nowadays

A

Fresh tissue examination

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5
Q

types of histopathologic process

A
  1. Tissue Processing
  2. Frozen Biopsy
  3. Special Staining
  4. Immunohistochemistry
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6
Q

supports the pathologist

A

Associate Pathologist

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6
Q

head of the laboratory

A

Pathologist

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6
Q

Includes all activities done in the laboratory in order to produce a suitable specimen side for viewing by the pathologist

A

Histoparhologic technique

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7
Q
  • Sections large and hollow organs to allow
    fixation
  • Examines the tissue sections, cytologic slides
    under the microscope
  • Monitors staff performance
  • Pinpoint problematic situations and find
    solutions
A

Pathologist and Assistant Pathologist

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7
Q
  • The medical technologist
  • Provides slides that are properly labeled,
    processed, stained, mounted, and
    sequenced
A

Histotechnologist/Histotechnician

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8
Q

Set of procedures or technical activities on fulfilling quality

A

quality control

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8
Q

● Set of coordinated activities to regulate a lab in order to continually improve its performance

● Skilled personnel

● Considers pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytic
phase

A

quality management systems

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8
Q

tissue processing phase

A

Analytic

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9
Q

Numerically, alphabetically, or chronologically
arranged

A

Documents

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9
Q

● Ensuring that everything is right (test, time, specimen, patient, diagnosis, and price)
● Includes availability of reagents, supplies, preventive
maintenance and monitoring of equipment and
evaluation of the quality of services

A

quality assurance

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10
Q

what phase from receiving of specimen to encoding of patient information?

A

Pre-analytic

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11
Q

-AKA Necropsy; Thanatopsy

-Post-mortem examination of tissues

A

Autopsy

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11
Q
  • Determine cause of death and extent of injury
  • Uncovering existence of an undetected disease
A

Autopsy

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12
Q

reading of slides and final diagnosis

A

Post-analytic

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13
Q

autopsy purpose

A

Medical/Hospital
Medico-legal

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14
Q

autopsy completeness:

A

Partial
Complete

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15
Q
  • “en masse” removal of organs
    -All organs are removed at the same time, then
    dissected by blocks
A

LETULLE

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15
Q

autopsy MANNER OF INCISION

A

Y-shaped
Straight Cut (I-shaped)

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15
-“en bloc” removal -Organs of same group/cavity/region are removed at the same time
GHON
16
-One by one removal of organs -MOST WIDELY USED
VIRCHOW
17
“In situ” (in place) dissection, followed by en bloc removal
ROKITANSKY
17
Written or informed consent from the legal next-of-kin - Order of priority:
spouse, adult child, either parent, adult sibling, grandparent, guardian
18
a public official who is empowered to order an inquest into the manner or cause of death
Coroner
19
comes from German word “leichendiener” meaning “servant of the dead”; assists during autopsy, and assumes many and varied responsibilities in the autopsy laboratory
Diener
19
: pathologist who performs the dissection
Prosector
20
For skin; uses circular blade to obtain deeper skin sample that removes a short cylindrical core of tissue (“apple core”)
PUNCH
20
Organ block removed from the body cavity should be thoroughly washed of blood using ______ to minimize the blood staining of organs.
cool or cold water
20
Organ blocks are placed in a large enameled pot containing fixative, filled to about _____.
⅓ capacity
20
-Ante-mortem examination of tissues (ante=before; mortem=death) -Examination of tissue sample from the living
biopsy
21
Simplest, LEAST INVASIVE Uses very thin needle attached to syringe to take out small amount of fluid and tissue from area
FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION (FNA)
22
Uses slightly larger needle Remove small column of tissue (1/16 inch in diameter, ½ inch long)
CORE NEEDLE
23
Surgical; small part of a large lesion or tumor is taken
INCISIONAL
23
Surgical; entire affected area is taken
EXCISIONAL
24
Tissues are removed from body cavity (or canals) using a curette (instrument with a tip shaped like a small scoop or hook)
CURETTAGE
24
For skin; small fragments of out layers of skin are “shaved” or scraped
SHAVE
24
Allows examination of cells in their living state
fresh tissue examination
25
methods of examination of biopsy specimens
1. Fresh 2. Preserved
26
● AKA Dissociation ● Selected tissue is immersed in petri dish/watch glass containing isotonic solution, and then carefully dissected and separated using needle or applicated stick
teasing
26
● Method depends on nature of material to be examined ● Useful for cytological examinations
Smear
26
● AKA Crushing ● Small pieces of tissue with diameter <1mm are compressed between two slides ● May be stained using supravital dye
squash preperation
27
Rapid, but gentle zigzag application of the material throughout slide
Streaking
27
Material is gently spread onto the slide, and the mucus strands are teased apart using an application stick
Spreading
28
● A drop of the material is placed into a clean slide and covered with another clean slide. Material is allowed to disperse evenly. ● Slides are then pulled apart with a single, uninterrupted movement in opposite directions
Pull-apart
29
● AKA Impression Smear ● Surface of a freshly cut tissue is pressed to a clean slide ● For Phase-Contrast Microscopy ● ADVANTAGE: Maintains intracellular relationships
Touch Prep
30
END GOAL: produce a tissue section of good quality that allows for adequate interpretation of microscopic cellular changes for diagnosis
fixed tissue examination
31
Wax is heated at ___ in the embedding machine
60C
31
what instruments used in Automated tissue processor (FDCI)
● Paraffin oven ● Embedding center ● Refrigerator
32
For producing tissue ribbons or sections
microtome
32
Temperature Refrigerator: ___ Freezer: ____
40C 20C
32
For tissue and cell visualization
microscope
33
microtome MAIN PARTS
a. Block Holder b. Knife Holder c. Pawl and Feedwheel Mechanism
34
KINDS OF MICROTOME
Rotary cryostat Sliding Freezing Rocking Ultrathin
35
MOST COMMONLY USED; for routine and serial (continuous) sections; knife is stationary
Rotary
36
Rotary - Thickness: ____ micrometers - Inventor: ____ - Microscope:____ - Embedding material: ____
3-5 Minot Light Microscope Paraffin
36
invented by Queckette (1848)
Freezing
37
consists of a microtome (usually rotary), kept inside a cold chamber maintained at -5C to -30C (avg: -20C); capable of freezing fresh tissues, thus used for STAT diagnosis
Cryostat
38
SIMPLEST type of microtome
Rocking
38
knife is moving - Inventor: _____(1783) - Types: ____,____
-SLIDING -Addams -Base-Sledge and Standard Sliding
39
60-100 nm thickness of tissue - Mostly used for tissues embedded in epoxy resin
Ultrathin
40
● Best for antigen preservation ● Used in epitope retrieval for immunohistochemistry ● Used in speeding up procedures ● Agitation and heating will increased fixation rate
Microwave oven
41
In situ hybridization and enzyme reactions
Incubator Oven
42
Incubator Oven Thermal Requirements: ___
37C
43
Eliminate the need for the laborious manual staining
automated stainers
44
Removing water collected during sectioning (water from flotation bath)
slide dryers
45
slide dryers Thermal requirement:
5-10C HIGHER than the melting point of paraffin
46
● Fishing out of tissue section; keeps sections from wrinkling ● Has “black” interior, for easy visualization of sections
floatation bath
47
floatation bath Thermal requirement:
5-10C LOWER than the melting point of paraffin
48
System designed for paraffin embedding
embedding centers
49
embedding centers Thermal requirement:
2-4C HIGHER than the melting point of the paraffin
49
Most common embedding centers
Paper Boat
50
buried for religious purposes
LIMBS and FETUSES
51
May be evidences for crime
BULLETS, BREAST IMPLANTS, and FOREIGN BODIES

HISTOPATH (4 decks)

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