Lesson 10/11 Wake Turbulence & AC Characteristics

Question 0

Vortices

Answer 0

circular patterns of air created by the movement of an airfoil through the air when generating lift

Question 1

Wake Turbulence

Answer 1

a phenomenon resulting from the passage of an aircraft through the atmosphere. The term includes vortices, thrust stream turbulence, jet blast, jet wash, propeller wash, and rotor wash both on the ground and in the air.

Question 2

______ are a by product of wing lift, and are the most predominant parts of aircraft wake turbulence.

Answer 2

Vortices

Question 3

What is the strength of a vortex governed by? (3)

Answer 3

• weight
• shape of the wing (wing configuration) (determines wing loading)
• speed of the generating aircraft

Question 4

The greatest vortex strength is generated when the aircraft is _________.

Answer 4

heavy, clean, and slow

Question 5

What is the greatest factor that affects the intensity of wake turbulence?

Answer 5

WEIGHT of the aircraft

Question 6

Clean Configuration

Answer 6

allows for a stronger vortex to be generated because without flaps the wing has a smaller area and wing loading is therefore greater per square foot

Question 7

Dirty Configuration

Answer 7

increases the total wing area and decreases the wing loading. The flaps also disrupt the airflow over the wing and break down the formation of the vortex.

Question 8

The strength of these vortices will diminish with _____ and _____.

Answer 8

time; distance

Question 9

If you have an aircraft on approach to an airport and a similar aircraft cruising during en route flight, which would create a greater wake turbulence effect?

Answer 9

approach

Question 10

____ is generated by the creation of pressure differential over the wing surface.

Answer 10

Lift

Question 11

____ pressure above the wing.

____ pressure below the wing.

Answer 11

Lowest; Highest

Question 12

______ is a swirling air mass off of the wing tips trailing behind the aircraft.

Answer 12

‘Wake Vortex’ or ‘Wing Tip Vortices’

Question 13

When viewing aircraft from behind, vortex circulation off the wingtip is ______ off the right wing; _____ off the left wing.

Answer 13

counterclockwise; clockwise

Question 14

What is the name for the turbulent phenomenon created by aircraft passing through the atmosphere?

Answer 14

wake turbulence

Question 15

Vortices are generated at the moment the aircraft _______.

Answer 15

generates lift (nose wheel leaves the ground)

Question 16

Vortices ______ at the moment the aircraft stops generating lift.

Answer 16

discontinue (all landing gear has touched down)

Question 17

What is the vortex sink rate?

Answer 17

approx 300 to 500 feet per minute

Question 18

When does the vortex sink rate normally level off?

Answer 18

500 to 1,000 feet below the flight path

Question 19

When close to the ground and there is zero wind, vortices from large aircraft will move laterally within in ____ to ____ of the ground and _ to __ laterally.

Answer 19

100 feet; 200 feet

2 knots; 3 knots

Question 20

Crosswinds of 1 to 5 knots will _____________ the movement of one vortex while increasing the movement of another vortex.

Answer 20

decrease or stall

Question 21

________ can move vortices into the landing zones of aircraft that were originally trying to avoid the wake.

Answer 21

Tailwinds

Question 22

Induced roll

Answer 22

the mechanical force a wake vortex has on an aircraft. With no counter control (roll control) the aircraft would roll completely, spinning on its longitudinal axis until the vortex sufficiently weakened.

Question 23

Roll Control

Answer 23

the ability of an aircraft to move around the longitudinal axis

Question 24

The ability of an aircraft to counteract the effects of the roll (counter control) is based on two things:

Answer 24

- wingspan of the aircraft | - counter control capability of the aircraft

Question 25

Counter control is most effective and roll is minimal when the wingspan and the ailerons extend beyond the ________ of the vortex.

Answer 25

outer edges

Question 26

In a slow hover taxi or a stationary hover, a helicopter will generate a _________ from its main rotors. These outward vortices will spread out to a distance of approximately _______ the diameter of the rotor in _____ directions.

Answer 26

downwash; three times; all

Question 27

Helicopters will generate a pair of wingtip vortices when in __________.

Answer 27

forward flight

Question 28

Jet Blast

Answer 28

jet engine exhaust (thrust stream turbulence); normally experienced during ground operations and during initial takeoff roll prior to lift

Question 29

Is the controller responsible for anticipating wake turbulence's existence or effects?

Answer 29

no

Question 30

When issuing a cautionary advisory during ground operations controllers may use the following terms in lieu of the term wake turbulence:

Answer 30

- jet blast - prop wash - rotor wash

Question 31

Wake turbulence has the greatest impact on ATC in the areas of ____________.

Answer 31

increased separation and traffic management delays

Question 32

Aircraft are divided into ____ categories, name them.

Answer 32

3; Cat I, Cat II, Cat III

Question 33

Category I Aircraft

Answer 33

- weight: 12,500 lbs or less - Single Engine - Propeller Driven - All Helicopters

Question 34

Category II Aircraft

Answer 34

- Weight: 12,500 lbs or less - Twin Engine - Propeller Driven

Question 35

Category III Aircraft

Answer 35

Any other aircraft not described in either CAT I or CAT II

Question 36

Cat I General Performance Characteristics

Answer 36

- Speed: 100-160 knots - Altitude: 10,000 feet and below - Climb Rate: 1,000 feet per minute or less - Weight Class: Small (S)

Question 37

Cat II General Performance Characteristics

Answer 37

- Speed: 160-250 knots - Altitude: FL240 and below - Climb Rate: 1,000-2,000 feet per minute - Weight Class: Small (S)

Question 38

Cat III General Performance Characteristics

Answer 38

- Speed: 300-550 knots - Altitude: FL450 and below - Climb Rate: 2,000 - 4,000 feet per minute - Weight Class: Specified for each aircraft

Question 39

Helicopter's General Performance Characteristics

Answer 39

- Speed: 90-160 knots - Altitude: FL200 and below - Climb Rate: 500-2,150 feet per minute - Weight Class: Small (S) - Large (L)

Question 40

Aircraft of 41,000 pounds or less maximum certified takeoff weight are in what weight class?

Answer 40

Small

Question 41

Large Aircraft are aircraft of more than __________ , maximum certified takeoff weight, up to but not including __________.

Answer 41

41,000 lbs; 300,000 lbs

Question 42

______ are aircraft capable of takeoff weights of 300,000 or more pounds whether or not they are operating at this weight during a particular phase of flight.

Answer 42

Heavy

Question 43

An aircraft designator may contain as many as __________, but no less than _______.

Answer 43

four characters; two characters

Question 44

The First character of an aircraft designator must be a _____.

Answer 44

letter

Question 45

Military Designators: A, B, C, E, F, H, P, T, K

Answer 45

``` A- Attack B- Bomber C- Cargo Transport E- Electronic (ECM) F- Fighter H- Helicopter P- Patrol T- Trainer K- Tanker/Refueling ```

Question 46

List the 9 different Aircraft Identification Features:

Answer 46

- size - engine location and number - engine type - wing placement - wing configuration - tail configuration - windows - fuselage shape - landing gear

Question 47

Name the 3 Aircraft Engine Types:

Answer 47

- reciprocating - turboprop - turbojet

Question 48

Name the 3 types of Wing Placement:

Answer 48

- High Wing - Mid Wing - Low Wing

Question 49

Name the 3 basic wing configurations:

Answer 49

- straight wing - swept wing - delta wing

Question 50

Name the 5 basic tail configurations:

Answer 50

- Conventional tail - Forward slant vertical stabilizer - Horizontal stabilizer about fuselage (mid tail) - "T" Tail (swept or straight) - "V" Tail

Question 51

Name the 5 types of windows:

Answer 51

- oval - round - teardrop - square - bubble canopy

Question 52

Name the 2 types of landing gear:

Answer 52

- tricycle | - conventional (taildraggers)

Question 53

Name the two types of landing gear configurations:

Answer 53

- fixed gear | - retractable gear