Lesson 10: Prevention & Control of Communicable Disease Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Prevention and Control of Communicable Disesae
A
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
2
Q
Study of Distribution and determinants of health related stares basic science of public health.
A
Epidemiology
3
Q
“The study upon people”
A
epi-demos-logos (Greek word of epidemiology)
4
Q
a factor which decisively affects the nature or outcome of Communicable disease.
A
Determinants
5
Q
Determinants of Health Events in a Population [F & P ]
A
- Frequency
- Patterns
6
Q
Relationship of no. or cases of particular disease and size of population
the relationship that exists between:
a. the number of cases of a particular
disease, and;
b. the size of the population
A
FREQUENCY
7
Q
Occurence of health-related event by time, place, and person
A
PATTERN
8
Q
Disorder of structure or functions of humans
A
Disease
9
Q
[FREQUENCY OR PATTERN] tuwing tag-ulan, mas marami ang
cases ng leptospirosis.
A
PATTERN
10
Q
A
FREQUENCY
11
Q
Disorder of structure or function in humans
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Disease
12
Q
Proposed by John Wade Frost
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Epidemiologic Triad
13
Q
Not simply a direct result of physical injury
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Disease
14
Q
Best explained by an Epidemiologic Triad
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Disease
15
Q
Models of Disease Causation
A
- Epidemiologic Triad
- Infectious DIsease Model
- Causal Pies
16
Q
Traditional model for infectious diseases
Elements: Agent, Host, Environment
A
Epidemiologic Triad
17
Q
It is the affected living thing. e.g. humans, animals, etc.
Refers to the human who gets the disease.
○ Exposure, susceptibility, or response to a causative
agent is influenced by risk factors.
A
Host
18
Q
Select ALL THAT APPLY
HOST factors are
Can either be influenced by:
A. Demographic characteristics
B. Biological characteristics
C. Socioeconomic characteristics
A
A,B,C
19
Q
[Environment/ HOST/ AGENT]
CA
mycobacterium tuberculosis for TB (for animals: mycobacterium bovis; past bacteria when mode of
transmission is through intake of unpasteurized milk)
A
Agent
20
Q
[Environment/ HOST/ AGENT]
habitat of the microorganism (ex:
dirty rivers, soil–for tetanus, ]amoeba–heat-loving,
armpits)
A
Environment
21
Q
“The traditional agent for infectious diseases
○ Consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together which results in disease through the
interaction of the three dynamic elements.”
A
Epidemiologic Triad: Proposed by John Wade Frost (1928)
22
Q
Select ALL THAT APPLY
ENVIRONMENT factors are
A. Physical
B. Biological
C. Social
A
A,B,C
23
Q
Select ALL THAT APPLY
AGENTS factors are
A. Physical
B. Chemical
C. Nutrient
D. Mechanical
E. Social
A
A,B,C,D,E
24
Q
This MODEL is for Opportunistic Infection
A
Infectious DIsease Model
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25
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If low in antibodies, if host is weak
Agent is changed to ______?
PAATHOGEN
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[T OR F]: All microorganism are disease-causing?
FALSE
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Accounts to multifactorial nature of causation of a particular disease.
Developed by?
Causal Pies Developed by Kenneth J. Rothman (1976)
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DESCRIBE CASUAL PIES
Pie as a representation of the different contributing factors
to the development of a disease
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What type of MODEL is applicable for non-communicable disease?
Causal Pies
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TYPES OF CAUSES (C, N, S)
Component Cause
Necessary Cause
Sufficient Cause
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Contributes to an individual factor
that contributes to cause disease
Component Cause
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Component that appears in every
pie or pathway wherein without it,
disease does not occur
Necessary Cause
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Involves a complete pie
● Causal pathway to development of
disease
● Can be various causes to form a
disease
Sufficient Cause
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Types of Disease Epidemiology
1. Communicable Disease
2. Non-Communicable Disease
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Brought by a specific infectious agent or its toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man, animal to man, animal to animal, or from the environment.
Communicable Disease
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Communicable Disease is also known as? Meaning?
ACUTE: sudden onset, a relatively short duration,
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TWO types of CHORNIC Disease in Communicable diseases
HIV/AIDS
Leprosy
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develops to AIDS over time,
targets immune system, host dies from
other diseases
HIV/AIDS
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(mycobacterium leprae) - usually
appears after several years but is now
gone from risk since there are vaccines
Leprosy
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What vaccine cure leprosy?
BCG Vaccine
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A type of disease that occurs in an individual which
cannot be transmitted towards another person
Non-Communicable Disease
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Other term to describe Non-Communicable Disease?
Chronic
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NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE
sequence of events pertaining to the
progression of a disease process
"In the absence of treatment"
○ Natural = no intervention
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Four Important Stages
Stage of Susceptibility
Stage of Subclinical Disease
Stage of Clinical Disease
Stage of Recovery, Disability, or Death
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End result of experiencing the disease whether he/she recuperates from the condition or it will worsen.
Stage of Recovery, Disability, or Death
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disease progresses comes its influence in the
physiological activities of the individual’s body
without him/her being aware of them during this
time, pathologic changes already develop.
2. Stage of Subclinical Disease
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May lead to irreversible complications or end of life
of an individual
Stage of Recovery, Disability, or Death
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Disease is asymptomatic during this stage.
Stage of Subclinical Disease
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The person is not aware of exposure of disease and its infections.
Stage of Subclinical Disease
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Types of Period in the Stage of Subclinical Disease
Incubation Period
Latency Period
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The result of continuous interaction of the elements that
could lead to the transmission of agent from one susceptible
host to another
CHAIN OF INFECTION
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Extends from the time of exposure to
onset of diseases symptoms for
infectious diseases.
Incubation Period
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Extends from the time of exposure to
onset of disease symptoms for chronic
diseases.
Latency Period
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Diagnoses being made to validate existence of
abnormality
Stage of Clinical Disease
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Involves microorganism that brings forth disease
towards the host
Infectious Agent – PATHOGEN
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differ in terms of severity
Stage of Clinical Disease
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A range as to the effect of disease
process in an individual
Spectrum of Disease
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Starting point for the occurrence of communicable
disease
● “Habitat” in which the agent normally lives, grows,
and multiplies
Reservoir – SOURCE
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How severe is the disease
○ From mild to severe or fatal
Spectrum of Disease
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Spectrum of Disease (I, P, V)
Infectivity
Pathogenicity
Virulence
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Proportion of exposed persons who
became infected
Infectivity
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Clinically apparent cases that are severe
or fatal
Virulence
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Infected individuals who develop clinically
apparent disease
Pathogenicity
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TYPES OF Reservoir – SOURCE (HR, AR, ER)
Human Reservoir
Animal Reservoir
Environmental Reservoir
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Can be in the form of soil and other
inanimate matter
Environmental
Reservoir
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Carrier (ASYMPTOMATIC)
Person with inapparent infection
that is capable of transmitting
pathogen to others
Human
Reservoir
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Most common type for infectious
diseases transmitted from person
to person
Human
Reservoir
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Case (SYMPTOMATIC)
Person identified as having the
particular disease and is under
investigation
Human
Reservoir
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To be a carrier;
1. The presence of disease
agent in the body
2. The absence of recognizable signs and
symptoms of disease.
3. The shedding of disease
agent in the discharge or
excretions.
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Infectious disease from vertebrate
animals to humans
Zoonosis OF Animal Reservoir
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humans being
incidental hosts in an animal to
animal transmission
Animal
Reservoir
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Refers to the manner in which a pathogen enters a susceptible host
Portal of Entry – PATHOGEN TO HOST
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The final link in the chain of infection where an
individual potentiates the development of disease
Susceptible Host – HOST DEVELOPS DISEASE
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LEVELS OF DISEASE (SD, ED, HD, HOD, EPD, DO, DC, PD)
1. Sporadic Disease
2. Endemic Disease
3. Hyperendemic Disease
4. Epidemic Disease
5. Disease Outbreak
6. Disease Cluster
7. Pandemic Disease
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epidemic that has spread over several
countries or continents
Pandemic Disease
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diseases which are imported into
a country in which they do not otherwise occur
Exotic Disease
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Usually affecting a large number of people of a large
portion in the population
Pandemic Disease
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disease that occurs infrequently and
irregularly
Sporadic Disease
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Separated widely in time and place that they show
no or little connection with each other
Sporadic Disease
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Could be the starting point of an epidemic
Sporadic Disease
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tetanus, rabies, plague, and some forms of Lyme disease
Sporadic Disease
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constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease within a geographical area
Endemic Disease
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Usual or expected frequency of disease within a population.
Endemic Disease
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malaria, dengue fever, and tuberculosis
Endemic Disease
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In a small farming community in rural Kansas, a 45-year-old man was working barefoot in his barn when he accidentally stepped on a rusty nail hidden in the hay. He did not realize the severity of the injury and did not seek immediate medical attention. A few days later, he began experiencing muscle stiffness and spasms. Since he had not received a tetanus booster shot in over 10 years, he was diagnosed with tetanus at the local hospital.
Sporadic Disease
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In a rural village in Nigeria, malaria cases occur throughout the year, with a noticeable increase during the rainy season when mosquito breeding sites multiply. The local health clinic regularly treats children and adults for malaria, and community members are accustomed to using mosquito nets and receiving antimalarial medications as part of routine healthcare. The disease does not cause sudden, large-scale outbreaks but remains a persistent health challenge, affecting daily life, school attendance, and economic productivity in the community
Endemic Disease
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Refers to persistent, high levels of disease
occurrence
Hyperendemic Disease
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Affects all age groups equally since
amount rises above expected level
Disease is constantly present at high incidence
and/or prevalence rate
Hyperendemic Disease
90
During the rainy season, the incidence of dengue rises sharply but remains consistently elevated even in the dry months, never dropping to low levels. Despite ongoing public health efforts—such as mosquito control programs, community education, and clinical management—the number of dengue cases remains high and stable over time. This persistent, high-level presence of dengue fever in the population, affecting all age groups equally, exemplifies a hyperendemic situation
Hyperendemic Disease
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Affects most of child population
expresses a high level of
infection beginning early in life
Holoendemic Disease
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In a rural village in sub-Saharan Africa, nearly every child under the age of five is infected with Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes the most severe form of malaria. The disease is so widespread that almost all children show signs of infection early in life. Many suffer from repeated bouts of fever, anemia, and other malaria-related symptoms, leading to high childhood morbidity and mortality.
Holoendemic Disease
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Refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number
of cases of a disease above what is normally
expected
Epidemic Disease
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Involves unusual occurrence in the community of
disease. Clearly in excess of expected occurrence
Epidemic Disease
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In 2006, the city of Luanda, Angola, experienced a sudden and sharp increase in cholera cases. Normally, cholera was not a major health problem in the area, but during this period, thousands of people began falling ill with severe diarrhea and dehydration caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The number of cases far exceeded what was expected for the region, overwhelming local health facilities.
Epidemic Disease
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Carries the same definition of epidemic but is often used for a more limited geographical area
Disease Outbreak
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In early March, a large university in the Midwest United States noticed a sudden surge of students reporting symptoms of severe vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps. Within just one week, over 150 students living in a particular dormitory fell ill. The campus health center quickly identified the cause as norovirus, a highly contagious stomach virus.
Disease Outbreak
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Although norovirus cases are common, the rapid spike in infections within a confined population and short period qualified this as an outbreak. The university’s swift response helped contain the virus, and the number of new cases dropped significantly after two weeks.
Disease Outbreak
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Refers to an aggregation of cases grouped in place and time
○ Are suspected to be greater than the
number expected
Disease Cluster
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an unusually large number of cases of a relatively uncommon disease occurring in a specific location and time period, prompting public health evaluation.
Disease Cluster
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In a small town, residents began noticing that several children attending the same elementary school were diagnosed with leukemia within a span of two years. Normally, childhood leukemia cases in the region were very rare, with only one or two cases reported every several years. However, in this particular neighborhood near an industrial chemical plant, six children were diagnosed with leukemia, all living within a few blocks of each other.
Disease Cluster
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In late 2019, a new coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, China, causing a respiratory illness later named COVID-19. The virus spread rapidly within China and soon to other countries around the world. By January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern as cases appeared on multiple continents.
Governments worldwide imposed unprecedented measures such as lockdowns, travel restrictions, mask mandates, and social distancing to slow the spread. Healthcare systems were overwhelmed by waves of patients, and millions of people died globally. The pandemic caused severe disruptions to economies, education, and daily life, with supply chains strained and millions losing jobs.
Pandemic Disease
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FACTORS AFFECTING INCREASE OF CASES
1. Recent increase in amount or virulence of agent
2. introduction of the agent into a setting
3. enhanced mode of transmission
4. change in susceptibility of the host
5. increase host exposure
6. new portals of entry
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PREVENTION AND CONTROL PROGRAM
Environmental Sanitation
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Study of factors in man’s
physical environment which may have a deleterious effect
on his health, well-being, and survival
Environmental Sanitation
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Responsible for the promotion of healthy environmental
conditions and;
● Prevention of environmental-related diseases through
appropriate sanitation strategies
ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH, AND SAFETY (EHS)
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● Health and sanitation
● Water supply sanitation
● Proper excreta and sewage disposal systems
● Food sanitation program
● Hospital waste management programs
Major Programs
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Give me the 5 major Programs
● Health and sanitation
● Water supply sanitation
● Proper excreta and sewage disposal systems
● Food sanitation program
● Hospital waste management programs
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Operationally defined as a way of life that
promotes and protects the health and well-being of an individual.
HEALTHY PILIPINAS)
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○ To make healthy behaviors the easier choice for
everyone, every time, everywhere.
A. MISSION
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By 2030, the DOH envisions a Healthy Pilipinas
wherein healthy governance, healthy settings, and
health-literate individuals are present, and achieving
optimum health for every Filipino possible.
Vision
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Health is a shared responsibility of all Filipinos and
all sectors of society.
Goal
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A communication campaign by the Department of
Health, the principal health agency in the
Philippines. of positive
health impacts to holistically promote and shift
behavior of Filipinos in practicing preventive
measures advocating healthy lifestyle.
HEALTHY PILIPINAS
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Filipinos to take control of their health through
education and supporting other advocacies, and
extending it to our brand partners. (DOH)
HEALTHY PILIPINAS
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Health promotion Framework Strategy (HPFS)
○ Envisions Healthy Pilipinas where:
■ health-seeking individuals
■ health-enabling settings
■ health-supporting governance
HEALTH PROMOTION STRATEGY 2030
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Citizens are health literate and have good
seeking behavior.
By 2028: 69% of Filipinos with sufficient or
excellent Comprehensive Health
Literacy
■ 80% of Filipinos have visited a health
facility in the past 6 months.
Vision: HEALTH PROMOTION STRATEGY 2030
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Communities, workplaces, and schools are
supportive of healthy behaviors.
By 2028: 60% of communities, schools,
and workplaces recognized as Healthy
Settings.
Vision
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7 Healthy Habits Para Sa Pilipinas
1. Move more, eat right – NCD PRIORITY
2. Be clean, live sustainably
3. Get vaccinated
4. Don’t smoke, don’t drink alcohol, say no to drugs
5. Care for yourself, care for others
6. Practice safe sex
7. Do no harm, put safety first
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[APPROACHES OF HEALTHY PILIPINAS]
Risks during life stages and preventive measures
● A life course approach to the implementation of
health promotion considers critical stages,
transitions, and settings.
Life Stage Approach
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Acknowledges that health is created and lived by
people within the settings of their everyday life;
where they learn, work, and live.
● Creating health-supportive environments where
policies are health-promoting, creating physical
structures that are conducive to health.
E. NATIONAL HEALTHY LIFESTYLE CAMPAIGN
Settings-based Approach
121
Focuses on the importance of promotion of healthy lifestyle
among people and is a priority program of DOH in 2003.
NATIONAL HEALTHY LIFESTYLE CAMPAIGN
“Mag-HL Tayo” Campaign
122
“Mag-HL Tayo” that focused
on:
Anti-smoking campaign
○ Regular physical activity
○ Weight Control
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Reduce prevalence of lifestyle diseases
particularly:
■ Cardiovascular Diseases;
■ Cancers;
■ Diabetes; and
■ Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
GOAL OF “MAG-HL TAYO” CAMPAIGN
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Reduce prevalence of major risk factors specifically:
○ Smoking
○ Physical Inactivity
○ Unhealthy Diet and Nutrition
F. “Mag-HL Tayo” OBJECTIVES
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Develop the program components of the National Healthy
Lifestyle Program
Launch a Comprehensive Healthy Lifestyle Advocacy &
Health Promotion Campaign
Institutionalize the promotion of healthy lifestyle in local
government units
Quality assurance initiatives through Sentrong Sigla
5. Support research on behavior change & best practice on
the promotion of healthy lifestyle
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES “Mag-HL Tayo”
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● Program, Policy and Standards Development
● Institutionalization and Capability Building
● Monitoring and Evaluation
● Research Development
● Advocacy and Health Promotion
STRATEGIES of “Mag-HL Tayo”
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1. Healthy Diet and Nutrition
2. Regular and adequate physical activity and leisure
3. Avoidance of substances that can be abused
➔ Ex. tobacco, alcohol and other addictive substances
4. Adequate stress management and relaxation
5. Practices that offer protection from health risks such as safe
sex and immunization.
PRACTICES THAT PROMOTE HEALTH
