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Bio Notes Module six > Lesson 1.1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who created the modern classification system?

A

Carolus Linnaeus created a classification that grouped organisms based on their observable characteristics.

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2
Q

What is the highest-level taxonomic rank used to group organisms?

A

Domain

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3
Q

What is a kingdom?

A

A kingdom is the second largest taxonomic rank used to group organisms.

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4
Q

How many kingdoms are there in the modern classification system?

A

There are six kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaebacteria, and Eubacteria.

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5
Q

What is a phylum?

A

A phylum is the level of classification just below a kingdom, grouping organisms based on the specialization of their body plan.

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6
Q

What is a class in biological classification?

A

A class is the level below phylum, with 108 animal classes including mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles.

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7
Q

What is an order in biological classification?

A

An order is a class broken into smaller similar groups, such as Carnivora, Herbivora, and Omnivora.

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8
Q

What is a family in biological classification?

A

A family is an order broken into smaller subcategories based on similarities, such as Canidae for dogs and Felidae for cats.

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9
Q

What is a genus?

A

A genus is a group of closely related species, such as Canis for domestic and wild dogs.

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10
Q

What defines a species?

A

A species is a group of organisms that share a genetic heritage, can breed, and create offspring that can also produce offspring.

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11
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

Linnaeus developed a binomial nomenclature that uses Latin, where the genus is capitalized and the species is lowercase.

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12
Q

What is a dichotomous key?

A

A dichotomous key is used to identify different organisms based on observable traits through a series of statements with two choices.

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13
Q

What is cladistics?

A

Cladistics is the process of classifying organisms in clades based on common ancestry through analysis of similarities, including DNA.

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14
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

A phylogenetic tree is a model that shows relationships among species based on shared traits and ancestral history.

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15
Q

What are cladograms?

A

Cladograms are models that indicate relationships among species based on the emergence of shared traits.

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Eubacteria?

A

Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotic organisms with a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, can be autotrophs or heterotrophs, and reproduce asexually.

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17
Q

What distinguishes Archaebacteria from Eubacteria?

A

Archaebacteria are unicellular prokaryotic organisms with a cell wall not made of peptidoglycan and can also be autotrophs or heterotrophs.

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18
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

An autotroph is an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals.

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19
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

A heterotroph is an organism that cannot make its own food and must consume other organisms for energy.

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20
Q

What defines a prokaryote?

A

A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that does not have a nucleus or specialized organelles.

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21
Q

What defines a eukaryote?

A

A eukaryote is a multicellular organism that contains a nucleus and specialized organelles.

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22
Q

How do plants obtain energy?

A

Plants have multicellular, eukaryotic cells that contain chloroplasts and obtain energy through photosynthesis.

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23
Q

How do animals obtain energy?

A

Animals have multicellular, eukaryotic cells that do not contain chloroplasts or a cell wall and obtain energy by consuming other organisms.

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24
Q

What are fungi?

A

Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that contain a cell wall made of chitin and reproduce asexually through spores.

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25
What are protists?
Protists are simple eukaryotic organisms that are neither plants, animals, nor fungi, and can be unicellular or multicellular.
26
What are biogeochemical cycles?
Biogeochemical cycles keep essential elements moving through Earth’s spheres, making them available to plants and other organisms.
27
What is the carbon cycle?
The carbon cycle involves the fixation and storage of carbon, with plants absorbing carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.
28
What happens when fossil fuels are burned?
Burning fossil fuels releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere that plants cannot process fast enough.
29
What is the impact of deforestation on carbon dioxide levels?
Destruction of forests reduces the number of plants able to naturally reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide through photosynthesis.
30
What role do oceans play in the carbon cycle?
Oceans are the largest carbon sinks on Earth, but increasing temperatures can limit their ability to absorb carbon dioxide.
31
What is nitrogen fixation?
Nitrogen fixing converts atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates, which are essential for plant growth.
32
What is denitrification?
Denitrification converts nitrates back into nitrogen gas, maintaining nitrogen balance in ecosystems.
33
What is eutrophication?
Eutrophication occurs when nitrogen from fertilizers causes excessive nutrient growth in waterways, leading to dead zones.
34
What is the law of conservation of energy?
The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
35
What is a food chain?
A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass as one organism eats another.
36
What is an energy pyramid?
An energy pyramid represents how energy in an ecosystem is divided among organisms at each level.
37
What is the 10% rule in energy transfer?
The 10% rule states that only about 10% of the available energy is passed from one trophic level to the next.
38
What is a food web?
A food web is a series of interconnecting food chains that model the flow of energy in an ecosystem.
39
What is a niche?
A niche is the role of an organism in an ecosystem, including how it obtains food and the type of food it eats.
40
What are the three types of symbiotic relationships?
The three types of symbiotic relationships are commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism.
41
What is carrying capacity?
Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals for a particular species that the environment can support under ideal conditions.
42
What is the formula for population change?
Population = Birth rate - Death rate.
43
What is the stationary phase of a population?
The stationary phase is characterized by individual population numbers remaining relatively constant and stable.
44
What limits the population size at its carrying capacity?
The population size is limited by the availability of resources like food, shelter, and mates.
45
What factors determine carrying capacity?
Carrying capacity is dependent on an ecosystem’s biotic and abiotic factors.
46
How do changes in biotic or abiotic factors affect population sizes?
If one of these factors decreases, the individual population sizes will eventually decrease until the amount of resources is adequate to sustain the population size.
47
How is population calculated?
Population = Birth rate - Death rate.
48
What happens if there are too many predators in an ecosystem?
Too many predators and not enough prey leads to predators starving and dying due to the lack of available food.
49
What is primary succession?
Primary succession begins when no plant life is present, usually starting from bare rock.
50
What are pioneer species in primary succession?
Lichens and mosses are the first organisms to colonize bare rock.
51
What role do lichens and mosses play in primary succession?
They release acids that break down rock, and when they die, their organic matter mixes with rock to help develop soil.
52
What are intermediate species in primary succession?
Shrubs and small trees that grow after enough soil forms to support them.
53
What is secondary succession?
Secondary succession occurs after a disturbance where soil is still present.
54
What happens after a disturbance in secondary succession?
Some species remain and can quickly reestablish themselves, leading to a return of the climax community.
55
What is one key component of nuclear power generation?
The nuclear reactor core.
56
What is a common fuel used in nuclear fission?
Uranium.
57
What are three environmental effects of nuclear energy?
Radioactive waste, thermal pollution, and the risk of radiation leaks.
58
How does hydropower generate energy?
By using flowing or falling water to spin turbines that generate electricity.
59
What are three environmental effects of hydropower?
Disrupted aquatic ecosystems, fish migration interference, and altered water quality.
60
What do solar panels capture to create energy?
Sunlight (solar radiation).
61
What is a key component of solar power?
Photovoltaic (PV) cells.
62
What do solar panel inverters do?
They convert direct current (DC) electricity from panels into alternating current (AC) for home or grid use.
63
What are two environmental effects of solar power?
Land use for large solar farms and resource extraction needed for panel production.
64
How does wind power generate electricity?
Wind turns turbine blades, which spin a generator.
65
What are two environmental effects of wind power?
Bird and bat collisions and noise or visual impact on landscapes.
66
What are three negative impacts of energy production on human health and the environment?
Air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and water contamination.
67
What is biodiversity?
The variety and viability of life on Earth.
68
How many species of fish are found in the Great Barrier Reef?
More than 1,600 species.
69
What is functional diversity?
Biodiversity analyzed from a perspective of how different species support an ecosystem.
70
What is species richness?
The total number of species in an area.
71
What role do coral reefs play in protecting land?
They protect land from the damaging effects of tropical storms, hurricanes, and large waves.
72
What are some potential benefits of coral reefs for human health?
They may hold reservoirs of potential cancer-treating drugs.
73
What is an invasive species?
An introduced, non-native organism.
74
What led to the extinction of the dodo?
Over-harvesting for food, habitat loss, and competition with introduced animals.
75
What is one method of controlling invasive species?
Biological control, which involves introducing natural species to reduce the invasive population.
76
What is cultural control in managing invasive species?
Changing human behavior and habitats to reduce the number of invasive species.

Bio Notes Module six (1 decks)

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