Lesson 14 And 15- The Local Support And Defense System

Question 1

First Line of Defense

Answer 1

Nonspecific physical and chemical surface behaviours

Question 2

Second Line of Defense

Answer 2

Nonspecific internal cellular and chemical defense

Question 3

What is the first and second line of defense also known as

Answer 3

Innate Immune System (for foreign substances)

Question 4

Third Line of Defense

Answer 4

Specific Defense - Immune Response

Question 5

What is the third line of defense also known as

Answer 5

The adaptive immune system (exposed to something new then antibodies are developed)

Question 6

First line of defense examples

Answer 6

External Physical Barriers
- Tears
- Skin
- Bladder
- Stomach
- Saliva
- Respiratory Tract
- Large Intestine

Question 7

Second Line of Defense - Defensive Cells (Examples and Function)

Answer 7

Examples
- Phagocytic cells such as macrophages
- Natural Killer cells
Function
- Engulf invading organisms
- Kill Parasites
- Kill invading organisms and cancer cells

Question 8

Second Line of Defense - Defensive Proteins (Examples and Function)

Answer 8

Examples
- Interferons
- Complement System
Function
- Slow the Spread of Viruses in the Body
- Stimulates histamine Release
- Promotes phagocytosis
- Kills Bacteria
- Enhances Inflamation

Question 9

Second Line of Defense - Inflammation (Examples and Function)

Answer 9

Example
- Widening of blood vessels and increased capillary permeability
Function
- Brings in defensive cells and speeds healing

Question 10

Second Line of Defense - Fever (Examples and Function)

Answer 10

Example
- Abnormally high body temperature
Function
- Slows the growth of bacteria
- Speeds up body defenses

Question 11

(Second Line of Defense) Cell-Based Defense - Destruction by Phagocytosis

Answer 11

• Phagocytes
• Non-phagocytes
• Macrophage
• Natural Killer Cell

Question 12

Macrophage

Answer 12

Pseudopod about to engulf a bacterium

Question 13

Natural Killer Cell

Answer 13

Attacking a cancer cell

Question 14

Phagocytes - Neutrophils and Macrophages

Answer 14

Neutrophils: First on scene and consume bacteria
Macrophages: Consume almost anything

Question 15

Non-Phagocytes

Answer 15

Target pathogens and invade organisms that are too large for phagocytosis

Question 16

Non-phagocytes - Eosinophils and Natural Killer Cells

Answer 16

Eosinophils: Discharge enzymes that digest a non-self target
Natural Killer Cells: Constantly circulate for non-self and release perforin (holes in membrane) and proteases to destroy cells

Question 17

(Second Line of Defense) Protein-Based Defense - Complement System

Answer 17

• 20+ proteins synthesized in the liver (inactive)
• Deactivates by blood proteins and surface of body’s own cells
• Promotes antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from the body
• Promotes inflammation and attacks the pathogen’s cell membrane

Question 18

What 2 things can activate the complement system

Answer 18

1. Polysaccharides on bacteria surface OR
2. Antigen/Antibody complexes

Question 19

(Second Line of Defense) Defensive Process - Inflammation

Answer 19

4 signs
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling
- Pain

Question 20

Strategy to treat inflamed area

Answer 20

RICE - not always the best as it can prevent the body from healing

Question 21

2 Steps to how the complement system responds to inflammation

Answer 21

1. Complement destroys bacteria
2. Phagocytes engulf bacteria

Question 22

Acute Inflammation

Answer 22

• Bruises
• Torn tissue
• delayed onset muscle soreness

Question 23

Chronic Inflammation

Answer 23

• Arthritis
• Obesity

Question 24

(Second Line of Defense) Defense Processes - Fever

Answer 24

Body raises temperature to kill off bacteria
- this is good for immune systems
- can be benificial not to give medication that will suppress the fever as it counteracts effects

Question 25

Parenchymal Cells

Answer 25

- The critical ‘functional’ portion of the tissue - Usually the most prominent cell type in terms of mass

Question 26

Parenchymal Cell Examples

Answer 26

- Liver cells - Skeletal Muscle cells - Heart cells - Brains cells - Adipose tissue cells - Pancreas cells

Question 27

Stromal Cells

Answer 27

- Support the Parenchymal cells forming the LSDS

Question 28

Examples of Stromal Cells

Answer 28

- Neurons - Astrocytes - Cepillary Endothelial Cells - Lymphoid cells - Bone cells - Fibroblasts - Stem cells - Gap junctions

Question 29

Pancreas - Exocrine function

Answer 29

Digestion

Question 30

Pancreas - Endocrine Function

Answer 30

Releases Insulin

Question 31

Other functions of the LSDS

Answer 31

- Always on - Local tissue damage by processes that are not due to infectious pathogens - Normal Tissue Turnover (cell death and tissue repair during healing) - Looks out for appearance of transformed cell populations (cancer)

Question 32

Migration and Memory in the LSDS (Adaptive Immune Response)

Answer 32

- After exposure once, body can trigger response during next exposure

Question 33

MHC (Major histocompatibility complex)

Answer 33

- proteins expressed on the surface of a cell - Used in recognition of pathogens (attack), immune responses but also ‘self’ (support)

Question 34

Support Cells

Answer 34

A self MHC marker label’s the body’s cells as ‘self’

Question 35

Attack cells

Answer 35

An antigen is a molecule, on the surface of a pathogen that the immune system recognizes as ‘non-self’

Question 36

3 Attack Steps

Answer 36

1. Threat: invader enters the body 2. Detection: macrophages encounters, engulfs and digests the invader 3. Alert: The macrophage presents to a helper T cell and secretes a chemical that activates the helper T cell

Question 37

Two signals that activate the helper T cell

Answer 37

1. Recognition 2. Verification (To be sure it’s responding to non-self)

Question 38

COVID-19 Vaccines and Antibodies

Answer 38

Body develops antibodies to recognize and develop an immune response

Question 39

Where are memory cells stored

Answer 39

Bone Marrow of Thymus

Question 40

Which Response is more robust (first or second)

Answer 40

Second - uses memory (The first has to go through all the steps)

Question 41

T suppressor cells

Answer 41

- Supress the activation of the immune system - important in allowing tolerance to self antigens

Question 42

What does too little t suppressor response mean

Answer 42

- autoimmune diseases - allergies - graft rejection - inflammatory bowl disease

Question 43

What does too much t suppressor response mean

Answer 43

Cancer and increased incidence of infection diseases