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A&P. I > (Lesson 18) Chapter 13: Spinal reflexes > Flashcards

(Lesson 18) Chapter 13: Spinal reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

KNOW FOR EXAM

A
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2
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A
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3
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A
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4
Q

What are spinal nerves controlled by?

A

ONLY the spinal cord

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5
Q

Which type of segments can be found w/ spinal reflexes?

A

Involves
1. Single segments
2. Multiple segments

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6
Q

Spinal reflexes are which type of response?

A
  1. Rapid
  2. Automatic nerve response
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7
Q

How are spinal nerves triggered?

A

By a specfiic stimuli

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8
Q

What are reflexes coordinated with?

A

With the spinal cord

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9
Q

What is responsible for coordinating the nerves w/ the spinal cord?

A
  1. Interconnected sensory neurons
  2. Motor neurons
  3. Interneurons
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10
Q

What are the different types of reflexes that can be produced?

A
  1. Simple reflexes
  2. Complex reflexes
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11
Q

How do nerves help preserve homeostasis?

A

By making rapid adjustments w/ the organs or organ sys.

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12
Q

Do nerve reaction alter depending on what stimulus them?

A

Each time a particular reflex is activated, it produces the SAME motor response

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13
Q

Explain what are neural reflexes.

A
  1. Rapid automatic response to specific stimuli
  2. Building block of neural function
    1 neural reflex = 1 motor resp.
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14
Q

Why are reflex arcs important for the N.S.?

A

They are the nerve pathway involved in reflex action

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15
Q

What are the structures of the reflex arc?

A

Begins @ Receptor of sensory neuron
Ends @ effector of motor neuron

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16
Q

To which response does a reflex arc respond to?

A

Negative feedback
(pressure or pain)

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17
Q

What are the 5 steps in a neural reflex?

A

Step 1: Arrival of stimulus activation of receptor
Step 2: Activation of sensory neuron
Step 3: Info processing of postsynaptic cell
Step 4: Activation of motor neuron
Step 5: Response of peripheral effector.

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18
Q

What are the 4 classifications of reflexes?

A
  1. Development
  2. Type of response
  3. Complexity of motor circuit
  4. Site of info process
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19
Q

Explain how the development of reflexes works?

A

There are two types of reflexes
1. Innate (born with)
2. Acquired (taught/learned)

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20
Q

What’s the difference between innate and acquired reflexes?

A

Our innate reflexes are the ones we are born with, whereas our acquired reflexes are the ones we’re born with

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21
Q

What are motor responses?

A

They consist of
1. Somatic reflexes
2. visceral reflexes

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22
Q

Define somatic reflexes

A

Involuntary control of nervous system
1. Superficial reflexes of skin
2. Stretch of deep tendon

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23
Q

Define visceral reflexes

A

Autonomic reflexes
Control systems other than muscular system

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24
Q

What makes up the complexity of neural circuit?

A
  1. Monosynaptic reflex
  2. Polysynaptic reflexes
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25
Q

Monosynaptic reflexes

A

Sensory neuron synapses directly onto motor neuron.

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26
Q

Polysynaptic reflexes

A

At least one interneuron between sensory neuron & motor neuron.

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27
Q

What are the sites of information processing?

A
  1. Spinal reflexes
  2. Cranial reflexes
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28
Q

What are the intersegmental reflex arcs

A
  1. Most complex spinal reflex
  2. Many segment interactions
  3. Produce highly volume variable motor response
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29
Q

NOTE:
More synapases = slower reaction

A
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30
Q

Note:
Monosynaptic= most simple reflex

A
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31
Q

Monosynaptic reflex

A
  1. a stretch reflex
    ! Have atleast 1 delay between sensory input and motor input.
  2. Completed in 20-40 msec
  3. Receptor is muscle spindle
32
Q

What are the muscle spindles responsible for?

A

They’re in charge of monitoring the stretching of the muscle

33
Q

What are the receptors in stretch reflex?

A

Bundles of small, specialized
intrafusal muscle fibers

34
Q

Intrafusal muscle fibers
(Small)

A

Skeletal muscle fibers that serve as specialized sensory organs (proprioceptors)
Detects amount and rate of change in muscle.

35
Q

Extrafusal muscle
(Large)

A
  1. Large skeletal muscle
  2. Maintain tone & contract muscle
  3. Contracts when stimulated @ greater lvls
36
Q

The extrafusal muscle is the ___________ layer

A

spindle layer

37
Q

What is the sensory region?

A

Central region w/ intrafusal fibers wound w/ dendrites
Detects the stretch of intrafusal muscle

38
Q

How does the sensory neuron axon enter the CNS?

A

The sensory neuron axon enters via dorsal root.

39
Q

Explain how do sensory neuron axons synapse?

A

They synapse onto motor neurons (Gamma)
in anterior gray horn of spinal cord

40
Q

What form of reflexes do sensory neuroyaxons release?

A

Monosynaptic reflexes

41
Q

What are gamma efferents?

A
  1. Axons of the gamma motor neurons
  2. Complex reflex arcs
  3. Important in voluntary muscle contraction
42
Q

How do gamma efferents contribute to completing the reflex arc?

A

Synapses back intrafusal fibers fibers to contract

43
Q

Explain why gamma efferents are important for voluntary muscle contraction.

A

Allow CNS to adjust sensitivity of muscle sprindles bc of gamma efferents w/o trigger reflexes.

44
Q

When does the initiation of stretch reflexes occur?

A
45
Q

Postural reflexes are important for?

A
46
Q

How do stretched muscle receptors?

A
47
Q

Stretch reflexes?

A
48
Q

What are polysynaptic reflexes?

A
49
Q

What does the tendon reflex monitor?

A
50
Q

What type receptors are tendon reflexes?

A

Sensory receptors

51
Q

The tendon reflex is responsible for protecting the muscles in which form?

A
52
Q

Withdrawal reflexes are responsible for?

A
53
Q

What is an example of withdrawal reflexes?

A
54
Q

What determines how the withdrawal reflexes reacts?

A
55
Q

Required for flexor reflex to work?

A

Reciprocal inhibition

56
Q

Why is reciprocal inhibition necessary for flexor reflexes to function properly?

A
57
Q

What will happen if inhibition does not occur

A
58
Q

What are additional reflex arcs?

A
59
Q

Where do Ipsilateral reflexes occur?

A
60
Q

What is an example of an ipsilateral reflex arc?

A
61
Q

Where do crossed extensor reflexes occur?

A
62
Q

With what other reflexes do crossed extensors work w/?

A
63
Q

Example of crossed extensor reflexes coordinating w/ flexor reflex.

A
64
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of polysynaptic reflexes?

A
65
Q

What are pools of interneurons important for polysynaptic reflexes

A
66
Q

Why are flexes not always automatic?

A
67
Q

Voluntary movements & reflex motor patterns?

A
68
Q

How do automatic reflexes work?

A
69
Q

What are the examples of automatic reflexes?

A
  1. Running
  2. Jumping
  3. Walking
70
Q

What are the reinforcement of spinal reflexes?

A
71
Q

What are other examples of reinforcement of spinal reflexes?

A
72
Q

How do higher centers inhibit spinal reflexes?

A
73
Q

Babinski reflexes in infants?

A

This would be + Babinski reflex

74
Q

What is the difference of + babinski reflex in adults

A

May indicate CNS damage in adults if toes fans when toes are stimulated.

75
Q
  • babinski reflex in adults
A

Normal for adults
-when stimulated curling of toes occur.

A&P. I (7 decks)

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