LESSON 1d: EVOLUTION OF THE CELL

Question 1

Where did it all began?

Answer 1

The Big Bang Theory

Question 2

• Interstellar dust and gases disturbed by a nearby
  supernova
• Gravity causes matter to coalesce into sun, planets,
  moons, asteroids, comets, etc.
• Formation requires more than 100 million years

Answer 2

The Big Bang

Question 3

The Earth was likely formed roughly ___________ years ago

Answer 3

5,000,000,000

Question 4

The age of earth according to science

Answer 4

4.6 billion years (an old earth)

Question 5

The age of Earth according to Bible

Answer 5

6000 years (a young earth)

Question 5

The History of Life: around 5 bya

Answer 5

Earth Created

Question 6

The History of Life : more than 4 bya

Answer 6

crust cools

Question 6

The History of Life: More than 3 bya

Answer 6

1. Blue-green algae
2. Oxygen released into atmosphere

Question 6

The History of Life Now Runs Some
___ Billion Years

Answer 6

4.6

Question 7

The History of Life : More or less 4 bya

Answer 7

First life

Question 7

The History of Life: later than 1 bya nearly present

Answer 7

Cambrian explosion

Question 7

The History of Life: In between 3 and 2 bya

Answer 7

Eukaryotic cells

Question 7

The History of Life: less than 1 bya

Answer 7

Sponges, jellyfish, flatworms

Question 8

evidence of the Big Bang

Answer 8

Microwave radiation

Question 9

detected leftover, cooled down radiation
by carefully scanning the sky with a device

Answer 9

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson

Question 10

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detected leftover, cooled down radiation
by carefully scanning the sky with a device called the _______________. Their discovery was important evidence in support of the Big Bang
Theory and won them the Nobel prize in 1978

Answer 10

Holmdel Horn Antenna

Question 11

The Environment for Life last 3.8 bya

Answer 11

• Volcanic Hot Springs
• Oceanic hydrothermal vent system
• Deep (below the level of UV penetration)
• Clays and/or Zeolites as templates
• Similarity with present day
  chemosynthetic heterotrophic organisms

Question 12

*Formed on November 1963
*Formed in a volcanic eruption
originating in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
*A classic site for the study of bio-colonization of founder populations

Answer 12

BIRTH OF AN ISLAND

Question 13

• Dark, billowing clouds of hot hydrothermal fluid are rich in
  dissolved metals.
• As they rise into the cool ocean water, they precipitate these
  metals along the sides of the vent, thus creating a “chimney”
  that builds over time.

Answer 13

Black smokers

Question 14

Black smokers: The fluids also provide nutrients to a variety
of unusual plants and animals that
congregate around the vents in an area of
the ocean where life would generally _________

Answer 14

not exist

Question 15

_________________ “sub-ice organic gazpacho” theory
(ice as a catalyst for abiosynthesis reactions)

Answer 15

Bada and Miller’s

Question 16

Amino acids of extraterrestrial origin (2)

Answer 16

– Carbonaceous chondrite meteorites contain organic
compounds, amino acids,etc.
– Murchison Meteorite, Australia (L) and Allende Meteorite (~2
tons), Mexico (R)

Question 17

The ______________ contained amino acids not occurring in chemical
systems of living things on earth (exotics). It has been hypothesized that life
originated out in space and came to earth inside a meteorite.

Answer 17

Allende Meteorite

Question 18

The Murchison forms are interpreted to represent an indigenous population of the preserved and altered carbonized remains (microfossils) of microorganisms that lived in the parent body of this meteorite at diverse times during the past 4.5 billion years (Gy)

Answer 18

Richard B. Hoover

Question 19

The ________________ are interpreted to represent an indigenous population of the preserved and altered carbonized remains (microfossils) of microorganisms that lived in the parent body of this meteorite at diverse times during the past 4.5 billion years (Gy)

Answer 19

Murchison forms

Question 20

*Made of layers of sediments that contain Precambrian fossils of bacteria and Cyanobacteria *About 3.5 million years old *Layers reflect the presence of communities of many types of microscopic organisms *Became mineralized and preserved in rock layers

Answer 20

stromatolites

Question 21

*Internal layering and close-up of___________ . Surface is covered by a felt of cyanobacterial filaments that trap sediment grains that are washed across the mat surface. Abundant sediment supply produces granular laminae, low sediment supply produces layers rich in organic matter (green in drawing).

Answer 21

columnar stromatolites

Question 22

Age of Microbes

Answer 22

Precambrian

Question 23

*The Precambrian was the age of microbes, macroscopically expressed in colonial structures that we call ____________

Answer 23

stromatolite

Question 24

*helped in the evolution of early multicellular animals by radically increasing oxygen levels in lakes and lagoons *microbial mats contained four times more oxygen than the virtually lifeless water above – sufficient to support early multi-cellular animals such as worms and larvae. *Multi-cellular animals first evolved during the Ediacaran period, around 635 to 542 million years back, when level of oxygen were merely 10 per cent of today's levels. *Early mobile animals might have evolved in such an environment, living in the biomats and creating burrows similar to those found in Ediacaran-aged rocks.

Answer 24

Bacterial mats

Question 25

* Stages – inorganic production of key simple organic molecules – production of more complex molecules that can synthesize more of the same molecule – development of a genetic code of self-replicating molecules (RNA,DNA,proteins) – production of the first cell by separation of these codes from the outer world by a membrane * Aerobic vs. Anaerobic – oxygen poisons living cells so early life was anaerobic * Lack of free Oxygen >> No Ozone layer – UV radiation kills cells so life had to originate at depth; – Water depths of 10m or more * Models – non-oxidizing secondary atmosphere rich in the constituent chemicals for life-- H2O, CO2, N – Energy in the form of UV radiation & Hot springs

Answer 25

Chemosynthesis

Question 26

Stages of Chemosynthesis

Answer 26

– inorganic production of key simple organic molecules – production of more complex molecules that can synthesize more of the same molecule – development of a genetic code of self-replicating molecules (RNA,DNA,proteins) – production of the first cell by separation of these codes from the outer world by a membrane

Question 27

Oxygen poisons living cells so early life was _________

Answer 27

anaerobic

Question 28

– UV radiation kills cells so life had to originate at depth; – Water depths of 10m or more

Answer 28

Lack of free Oxygen >> No Ozone layer

Question 29

models of chemosynthesis

Answer 29

– non-oxidizing secondary atmosphere rich in the constituent chemicals for life-- H2O, CO2, N – Energy in the form of UV radiation & Hot spring

Question 30

History of Origin of Life: 1828

Answer 30

Synthesis of Urea (Wohler)

Question 31

History of Origin of Life: 1850

Answer 31

Synthesis of Alanine (Strecker)

Question 32

History of Origin of Life: 1861

Answer 32

Synthesis of sugar (Butlerov)

Question 33

History of Origin of Life: 1900

Answer 33

Synthesis of glycine (klages, Loo, Ling and Nanji)

Question 34

History of Origin of Life: 1824-1929

Answer 34

Oparin, Haldane, Lipman, Harvey

Question 35

History of Origin of Life: 1953

Answer 35

Miller Experiment

Question 36

-Russian scientist (1930s) -hypothesized that life formed in the oceans that formed on early earth

Answer 36

Alexander Oparin

Question 37

tested Oparin’s hypothesis using electric spark to substitute for lightning

Answer 37

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey (1953)

Question 38

Production of hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde and 4 different amino acids from water vapor, methane, hydrogen and ammonia and electrical sparks

Answer 38

Urey and Miller (1953)

Question 39

* heated 18 different amino acids at 70oC to produce proteins( in water vapor, CO2, and nitrogen and UV radiation) * demonstrated that short chain polypeptides could form abiotically from amino acid monomers through dehydration of amino acid solutions * artificial proteins were also formed (protenoid microspheres) spontaneously clumped together when brought into contact with water * resembled bacteria; lacked nucleic acids * buds appeared when microspheres were allowed to stand in solution * lipid-based microcells, called liposomes would form.

Answer 39

Sydney Fox (1959)

Question 40

spherical shaped proteins that are organized as a membrane

Answer 40

Microspheres

Question 41

collections of droplets of different molecules, mainly amino acids and sugars

Answer 41

Coacervates

Question 42

In solutions of simple organic molecules, two structures form:

Answer 42

-Microspheres -Coacervates

Question 43

________ and ______formed protobionts, proteinoids, & microspheres (also called coacervate droplets)

Answer 43

Oparin and Fox

Question 44

These molecular collections mimic cell behavior, but are non-living

Answer 44

Coacervate droplets

Question 45

Coacervates properties of life?

Answer 45

1. Accumulate monomers and polymers from solution and grow 2. Divide (though only by budding off portions of the ‘cell’) 3. Decompose glucose (one form of metabolism) 4. Trap energy (a primitive form of electron transport) 5. Have the potential for self-growth (capable of some RNA and protein synthesis) 6. Have the potential to undergo a kind of selection

Question 46

Biologist John Desmond Bernal coined the term __________ and suggested that there are a number of clearly defined "stages” in explaining the origin of life.

Answer 46

Biopoesis

Question 47

Stages in explaining the origin of life?

Answer 47

* Stage 1: The origin of biological monomers * Stage 2: The origin of biological polymers * Stage 3: The evolution from molecules to cell

Question 48

Who coined the term Biopoesis and suggested the stages in explaining the origin of life?

Answer 48

John Desmond Bernal

Question 49

What did Bernal suggested about evolution?

Answer 49

-that evolution (natural selection) may have commenced early, some time between Stage 1 and 2

Question 50

– Double membrane system used in converting organic molecules into energy – Has plasmid DNA and ribosomes

Answer 50

Mitochondria

Question 51

– Double membrane system used in converting energy into organic molecules – Has plasmid DNA and ribosomes

Answer 51

Chloroplast

Question 52

– Coral * Zooxanthellae algae live within tissues of coral polyp (an animal) – Bursaria * Produced without singlecellular green algae * Acquires through modified ingestion, then incorporates into its “body” – Aphid gut bacteria study * Bacteria species is losing its genome, now just bigger than that of a mitochondrion’s and about as dependent on the “host” organism

Answer 52

Modern Endosymbionts

Question 53

Two endosymbiotic events c.2.7 bya

Answer 53

1. prokaryotic host cell--->non-photosynthetic proto-eukaryotic cell 2. Cyanobacterium--> photosynthetic eukaryotic cell