Lesson 2

Question 1

Epidemiology

Answer 1

the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in human populations and is the principal science of public health.

Question 2

Descriptive Epidemiology

Answer 2

Investigations of disease pattern in the community. Person (who) place (where) time (when)

Question 3

Analytic epidemiology

Answer 3

investigation of the cause of disease, or etiogoly.

Question 4

Prevalence

Answer 4

Number of existing cases that are found in a population at any given point in time. Total cases new and existing

Question 5

Incidence

Answer 5

New cases within the at-risk population.

Question 6

Epidemiological triangle

Answer 6

agent, host, environment

Question 7

Host

Answer 7

age, sex, race, genetic profile, previous diseases, immune status, religion, customs, occupation, marital status, family background

Question 8

Enviornment

Answer 8

temperature, humidity, altitude, crowding, housing, neighborhood, water, milk, food, radiation, pollution, noise

Question 9

Agent

Answer 9

biological (bacteria or viruses), chemical (poison, alcohol, smoke), physical (trauma, radiation, fire), nutritional (lack, excess)

Question 10

Descriptive epidemiology

Answer 10

focuses on the amount and distribution of health and health problems within a population (person, place, and thing0

Question 11

Retrospective cohort study

Answer 11

Comparison of those who have a particular disease or not. Data collection extends back in time.

Question 12

Analytic epidemiology

Answer 12

Investigates the causes of disease by determining why a disease rate is lower in one population group than in another.

Question 13

Cross sectional study

Answer 13

Measures the cause (exposure) and the effect (disease) at the same point in time. Pros can establish the disease prevalence bit not incidence.

Question 14

Prospective cohort study

Answer 14

Monitors a group of disease-free individuals to determine whether and when a disease occurs.

Question 15

Randomized clinical trial

Answer 15

A scientific experiment that compares the effects of different treatments or interventions by randomly assigning participants to groups.

Question 16

Correlations

Answer 16

Statistical measures that describe the relationship between two varables.

Question 17

Casuality

Answer 17

Direct cause and effect relationship between two variables

Question 18

Six criteria that establish the existence of cause-and-effect relationship

Answer 18

Strength of association, dose response relationship, temporally correct relationship, biological plausibility, consistency with other studies, specificity.

Question 19

Applications of epidemiology in community-oriented nursing

Answer 19

Nurse epidemiologist, school nurses, communicable disease nurse, outpatient nurses, hospital infections control nurse, all nursing documentation on patient charts and records is an important source of data for epidemiological reviews.

Question 20

Surveillance

Answer 20

Mechanism for the ongoing collection of community health information. Essential to effective and responsive public health programs.

Question 21

Census Data

Answer 21

changes in an area over time. Done every 10 years. Provide data on demographic variables and workforce.

Question 22

Vital statistics

Answer 22

Official registration records of births, death, marriages, divorces, and adoptions from the basis of data in vital statistics. Reported by local and state agencies such as the WA state department of health. Complied annually.

Question 23

The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)

Answer 23

Local, regional, and state government reports. Locally generated data collection. Analysis of demographic information provides descriptive information about the population.

Question 24

Needs Assessment

Answer 24

Used to understand the community’s perspective. Interview key community informants. Use community forums, focus groups, or surveys. 12 steps in a needs assessment.

Question 25

Needs assessment steps

Answer 25

1. Identify aggregate for assessment 2. Engage the community in planning the assessment 3. Identify required information 4. Select method of data gathering 5. Develop questionnaires or interview questions 6. Develop procedures for data collection 7. Train data collectors 8. Arrange for a sample representative of the aggregate 9. Conduct needs assessment 10. Tabulate and analyze data 11. Identify needs suggested by data 12. Develop an action plan.

Question 26

Developing a community diagnosis, includes four components

Answer 26

Identification of health problem or risk. affected aggregate or community. Etiological or casual statement. the evidence to support the diagnosis.

Question 27

Format for community diagnosis

Answer 27

Increased risk of disability, disease among community or population related to etiological statement as demonstrated in health indicators.

Question 28

Equality

Answer 28

The assumption is that everyone benefits from the same supports. This is equal treatment.

Question 29

Equity

Answer 29

Everyone gets the supports they need. (this is the concept of affirmative action), thus producing equity.

Question 30

Disparity

Answer 30

the result of inequity. Health differences that are linked to social, economic and environmental disadvantages.

Question 31

Justice

Answer 31

Everyone gets supports or accommodations. the causes of the inequity are addressed.

Question 32

Inequity

Answer 32

Health disparity that is unfair and unjust.

Question 33

Rural

Answer 33

towns with a population of less than 2500 people or in open county

Question 34

Health disparities of rural regions

Answer 34

People leave, services are lost, local drug stores close, tax base becomes insufficient, fewer services are provided, long distance to get health care, jobs become scarce and more people leave, the cycle continues.

Question 35

Perception of health

Answer 35

Rural men and youths are more likely to die or become disabled from unintentional injuries, more likely to commit suicide African Americans and elderly attend less cancer screenings, more late-stage diagnosis Hispanic populations are most likely to report barriers.

Question 36

Migrant

Answer 36

those who migrate to find work. Farmworkers in the US

Question 37

Seasonal

Answer 37

Reside permanently in one place and work locally when farm labor is needed. Work various jobs

Question 38

Immigrant

Answer 38

Person who migrates from another county and permanently relocates

Question 39

Refugee

Answer 39

Person who has been welcomed legally

Question 40

Asylee

Answer 40

Have not been granted legal rights yet

Question 41

Undocumented

Answer 41

Person who is not legal in the US

Question 42

Migrant worker

Answer 42

Person who moves around for job purposes