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[Lec] QUAILE > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Things that we measure, count, or otherwise delineate

A

Variable

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2
Q

Types of Variable:

A
  • Nominal
  • Ordinal
  • Interval
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3
Q

A variable can take on only a limited number of values, usually called categories. (or characters)

A

Nominal Scale

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4
Q

The variable takes on specific values that have some inherent order such as magnitude but without equivalent distances between categories.

A

Ordinal Scale

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5
Q

Where a variable takes on vlues in a quantitative range with defined differences between points

A

Interval Scale

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6
Q

It is already determined and so is not influenced by other factors

A

Independent Variable

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7
Q

Ex: Age, Gender, Temperature, and Time

A

Independent Variable

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8
Q

These are those things that might change in response to the independent variable

A

Dependent Variable

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9
Q

Ex: blood glucose concentration, enzyme activities, and the presence or absence of malignancy

A

Dependent Variable

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10
Q

It is a spread of data in which elements are distributed symmetrically around the mean, with most values close to the center

A

Gaussian (normal) distribution

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11
Q

Mean, median, mode

A

Gaussian (normal) distribution

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12
Q

These are statistical measures that are calculated based on the assumption that the data points follow Gaussian distribution and include parameters such as mean, variance, and standard deviation

A

Parametric statistics

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13
Q

t-test, ANOVA

A

Parametric statistics

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14
Q

ideal value for standard deviation

A

2SD

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15
Q

Describe what the magnitutde of results is and how the data points differ from one another

A

Descriptive Statistics

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16
Q

Meaning behind the numbers

A

Descriptive Statistics

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17
Q

A measure of how far apart they are disoersed from one another

A

Central Tendency

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18
Q

Measures of Central Tendency:

A
  • Mean
  • Median
  • Mode
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19
Q

It is calculated by adding the values of all the individual data points and dividing that sum by the total number of data points

A

Mean

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20
Q

Used when the data are skewed so its calculation will not be affected by outliers

A

Median

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21
Q

Rarely used; most frequent observation

A

Mode

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22
Q

It is used to describe data with two centers (bimodal)

A

Mode

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23
Q

Measure of Speed:

A
  • Range
  • Standard Deviation
  • Coefficient of Variation
  • Variance
  • SD index
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24
Q
  • Simplest expression of spread of distribution
  • It is the difference of highest and lowest score in a data
A

Range

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25
- It is a measure of dispersion of values from the mean - Helps describe the normal curve, . A measure of distribution range
Standard Deviation
26
- A percentile expression of the mean - An index of precision
Coefficient of Variation
27
- Called the SD squared - Measure of variability - It determins significant difference between griups of data
Variance
28
Is the difference between the value of a data point and the mean value divided by the group’s SD
SD index
29
Comparative Statistics:
- T-test - F-test
30
Used to determine whether there is statistically significant difference between the means of two groups of data
T-test
31
Used to determine whether there is statistically significant difference between the standard of deviations of two groups of data
F- test
32
According to ____, "Quality is never an accident, it is always the result of high intention, sincere effort, intelligent direction and skillful execution, it represents the wise choice of many alternatives."
Wiliam A. Foster
33
Reference range
Reference interval
34
A pair of medical decision points that span the limits of results expected for a defined healthy population
Reference interval
35
The upper and lower reference limits are set to define a specified percentage (usually 95%) of the values for a population
Reference interval
36
Range of values that include a specified probability usually 90% or 95%
Confidence interval
37
Confidence intervals serve to convey the variability of estimates and quantify the variability
Confidence interval
38
It is the interval that is computed to include a parameter such as the mean with a stated probability (commonly 90%, 95%, 99%) that the true value falls into that interval
Confidence interval
39
The application of reference intervals can be grouped into three main categories:
- Diagnosis of a disease or condition - Monitoring of a physiologic condition - Monitoring therapeutic drugs
40
- Inclusion and Exclusion criteria - Essential to obtain the optimal set of specimens with an acceptable level of confidence - Partitioning
Selection of Study Individuals
41
- controlled and standardized - define the acceptable interferences - extensive knowledge regarding the analyte, analytic parameters, methodology, and instrumentation
Pre-Analytical & Analytical Considerations
42
- Subject Preparation - Prescription medications - Collection time - Sample storage - Stress - Food/ beverage ingestion
Pre-Analytic Factor
43
- Precision - Accuracy - Lot-to-lot reagents - Linearity - Interference - Recovery
Analytical Factor
44
A study should at least have ____ individuals
120
45
T/F: Reference interval is calculated statistically using methods that depend on the distribution of the data
True
46
If normal, this method is used
Parametric
47
If not normally distributed, use the ___ method
non-parametric
48
Statistical test that assumes the observed values, or some mathematical transformation of those values, follow a normal (Gaussian distribution)
Parametric method
49
Defines the interval by the mean +/- 1.96 SDs
Parametric method
50
It is analyzed using percentiles
Non-Parametric method
51
Do not depend on the distribution
Non-Parametric method
52
The reference interval is determined by using the central 95% of values; the reference range is therefore defined by the _____
2.5th to the 97.5th percentiles
53
The reference interval is determined by using the central 95% of values; the reference range is therefore defined by the 2.5th to the 97.5th percentiles
Non-parametric method
54
Statistical test that makes no specific assumption about the distribution of data
Non-parametric method
55
Rank the reference data in order of increasing size
Non-parametric method
56
Because the majority of analytes are not normally (Gaussian) distributed, the recommended analysis for most reference range intervals
Non-parametric method
57
n =
number of intervals
58
2.5th percentile =
0.025 (n+1) 9
59
97.5th percentile =
0.975 (n+1)
60
Data analysis to verify a reference itnerval
Transference
61
The _____ allows less vigorous studies to verify a reference interval with as few as ___ subject specimens
CLSI; 20
62
Test method and subjects are the _____
similar
63
The nearness of closeness of the assayed value to the true of target value
Accuracy
64
Accuracy is estimated using three different types of studies:
- Recovery - Interference Studies - Patient Sample Concentration
65
The ability of an analytical method to give repeated results on the same sample that degree with one another
Precision
66
Determined by: Repeated analysis study
Imprecision
67
Determined by: - recovery study - interference study - comparison of methods study
Inaccuracy
68
Is the ability of the analytical method to measure the smallest concentration of the analyte of interest
Analytical Sensitivity
69
Screening Test
Analytical Sensitivity
70
Is the ability of an analytical method to measure only the analyte of interest
Analytical Specificity
71
Confirmatory Test
Analytical Specificity
72
Ability of a test to detect a given disease or condition
Diagnostic Sensitivity
73
Ability of a test to correctly identify the absence of a given disease or condition
Diagnostic Specificity
74
The predictive value of a positive (PPV) test refers to the probability of an individual having the disease if the result is abnormal ("positive for the condition")
Positive Predictive Value
75
refers to the probability that a patient does not have a disease if a result is within the reference range (test is negative for the disease)
Negative Predictive Value

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