LESSON 2

Question 1

A ________ is a general approach to research determined by the kind of question that the research study hopes to answer.

Answer 1

Research Strategy

Question 2

One group with one or more separate variables measured for each individual.

Answer 2

Data Structure 1

Question 3

One or more variables measured per individual

Answer 3

Data Structure 1

Question 4

Variables is/are described by descriptive statistics

Answer 4

Data Structure 1

Question 5

May use category and/or numerical variables

Answer 5

Data Structure 1

Question 6

Types of Data Structure 1

Answer 6

• Descriptive Research (descriptive research strategy)
• Behavioral Observation (observational research design)
• Quantifying Observtions

Question 7

______ or ______ involves measuring one or more separate variables for each individual with the intent of simply describing the individual variables.

Answer 7

Descriptive Research or Descriptive Research Strategy

Question 8

______ or ______ , the researcher observes and systematically records the behavior of individuals to describe the behavior.

Answer 8

Behavioral Observation or Behavioral Research Design

Question 9

Frequency (how many)
Duration (how long)
Interval (gap between each behavior)

Answer 9

Quantifying Observations

Question 10

Types of Observation

Answer 10

Naturalistic Observation
Participant Observation
Contrived Observation/Structured Observation

Question 11

In ________ or “nonparticipant observation” a researcher observes behavior in a natural setting as unobtrusively as possible.

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</the>

Answer 11

Naturalistic Observation

Question 12

In _______, the researcher engages in the same activities as the people being observed in order to observe and record their behavior.

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</experience>

Answer 12

Participant Observation

Question 13

________ or “structured observation” is the observation of behavior in settings arranged specifically to facilitate the occurrence of specific behaviors.

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e.g Social Experiment
</force>

Answer 13

Contrived Observation

Question 14

Strengths
- Behavior observed in the real world
- Useful for nonmanipulated behaviors
- Actual behaviors observed and recorded

Answer 14

Naturalistic Observation

Question 15

Weaknesses
- Time-consuming
- Potential for observer influence
- Potential for subjective interpretation

Answer 15

Naturalistic Observation

Question 16

Strengths
- When natural observation is impossible
- Get information not accessible otherwise
- Participation gives unique perspective

Answer 16

Participant Observation

Question 17

Weakenesses
- Time-consuming
- Potential for loss of objectivity
- Increased chance for observer influence

Answer 17

Participant Observation

Question 18

Strengths
- Do not have to wait for behaviors to occur

Answer 18

Contrived Observation

Question 19

Weaknesses
- Less natural

Answer 19

Contrived Observation

Question 20

A ______ research design is a research strategy that uses a ______ to obtain a description of a particular group of individuals.

< a instrument >

Answer 20

Surveys

Question 21

Types of Questions

Answer 21

• Open-ended Questions (has variety of answers)
• Restricted Questions (its limited)
• Rating Scale Questions (has levels of answers)

Question 22

Types of Surveys

Answer 22

• Internet Survey
• Mail Survey
• Telephone Survey
• In-person Survey

Question 23

Strength
- Efficient to administer to a large number of participants
- Access to large number of individuals with common characteristics
- Survey can be individualized based on participant’s responses

Answer 23

Internet Survey

Question 24

Weaknesses
- Initial expense for site
- Sample may not be representative
- Cannot control composition of the sample

Answer 24

Internet Survey

Question 25

Strengths - Convenient and anonymous - Nonthreatening to participants - Easy to administer

Answer 25

Mail Survey

Question 26

Weaknesses - Can be expensive - Low response and nonresponse bias - Unsure exactly who completes the survey

Answer 26

Mail Survey

Question 27

Strength - Can be conducted from home or office - Participants can stay at home or office

Answer 27

Telephone Survey

Question 28

Weaknesses - Time-consuming - Potential for interview bias

Answer 28

Telephone Survey

Question 29

Strengths - Efficient to administer with groups, 100% response rate, and flexible (groups or individual interviews)

Answer 29

In-person Survey

Question 30

Weaknesses - Time-consuming, with individual interviews, and risk of interview bias

Answer 30

In-person Survey

Question 31

The _________ involves the in-depth study and detailed description of a single individual (or a very small group). A _______ may involve an intervention or treatment administered by the researcher. When a _______ does not include any treatment or intervention, it often is called ______.

Answer 31

'Case Study', often is called 'Case History'

Question 32

One group with 2 variables measured for each individual.

Answer 32

Data Structure 2

Question 33

Non-experimental method of study

Answer 33

Data Structure 2

Question 34

Measurement of two (2) variables for each participant

Answer 34

Data Structure 2

Question 35

Goal is to describe the type and magnitude of relationship

Answer 35

Data Structure 2

Question 36

Types of Data Structure 2

Answer 36

- Correlational Research - Predictive Research Design

Question 37

In the _______ two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship betwen them

Answer 37

Correlational Research/Method

Question 38

Limitations of Correlational Research

Answer 38

- Can demonstrate the existence of a relationship - Does not provide an explanation for the relationship - Does not establish cause and effect relationship

Question 39

Used to identify variables that will predict the outcome or criterion.

Answer 39

Predictive Research Design

Question 40

Two (or more) groups with one variable compared for each group

Answer 40

Data Structure 3

Question 41

One variable defines each group

Answer 41

Data Structure 3

Question 42

Scores are measured on second variable

Answer 42

Data Structure 3

Question 43

Both experimental and nonexperimental studies use this structure

Answer 43

Data Strucure 3

Question 44

Types of Data Structure 3

Answer 44

- Experimental Research Design - Independent Variable - Dependent Variable - Control Condition - Experimental Condition - Quasi-Experimental Research - Pre-Test/Post-Test Design - Longitudinal Design

Question 45

The ________ is intended to anwer cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables.

Answer 45

Experimental Research Design

Question 46

Elements of an Experimental Research Design

Answer 46

- Manipulation - Control - Random Selection - Random Assignment

Question 47

- The variable being manipulated by the researchers - Should consist of at least two (or more levels) treatment conditions which subject are exposed

Answer 47

Independent Variable

Question 48

The variable that being observed or measured to access the affect of treatment.

Answer 48

Dependent Variable

Question 49

Individuals in _______ do not receive the experimental treatment. Instead, they either receive no treatment or they receive a neutral, placebo treatment. The purpose of a _______ is to provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental condition.

Answer 49

Control Condition

Question 50

Individuals in the _______ do receive the experimental treatment.

Answer 50

Experimental Condition

Question 51

The _______ strategy uses some of the rigor and control exist in the experiments; however, ______ studies always contain a flaw that prevents the research from obtaining an absolute cause-and-effect answer

Answer 51

Quasi-Experimental Research

Question 52

A research design in which the same assessment measures are given to participants both before and after they have received a treatment or been exposed to a condition, with such measures used to determine if there are any changes that could be attributed to the treatment or condition.

Answer 52

Pre-Test/Post-Test

Question 53

A _______ is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables over short or long periods of time.

Answer 53

Longitudinal Design