Lesson 2 Flashcards
(17 cards)
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
1. responsible for urine formation
- represent ___% of total bw
2. carries urine from kidneys to bladder
- approx. __cm in length
3. stores urine
- shape like ______
4. delivers urine for excretion
- approx. ___cm in women
- approx. ___cm in men
- KIDNEY
- 0.5% - URETERS
- 25cm - URINARY BLADDER
- 3 sided pyramid - URETHRA
- 4cm
- 24cm
RENAL MORPHOLOGY
1. blood vessels & nerves pass into and out of the kidneys
2. blood vessel through which blood ENTERS the kidney
3. blood vessel through which blood LEAVES the kidney
4. exclusive site for plasma filtration
- ___ thick
- portions of cortex that extend between
renal pyramids
- HILUS
- RENAL ARTERY
- RENAL VEIN
- RENAL CORTEX
- 1.4cm
- RENAL COLUMNS
RENAL MORPHOLOGY
1. stringy macroscopic appearance
- contains ____
- any of conical masses that project as renal papillae into the renal pelvis (aka _____)
2. overlying the cortex area
3. cup-like divisions of the renal pelvis surrounding one or more renal papillae
4. funnel-shaped structure that is formed at one end by the expanded upper portion of the ureter
- RENAL MEDULLA
- COLLECTING DUCTS
- RENAL PYRAMIDS (MALPHIGIAN PYRAMID) - RENAL LOBE
- CALYCES
- PELVIS
________: functional unit of the kidney
- mostly located in ___
- each kidney contains _____
types:
3. for tubular reabsorption & secretion
- approx ___% of total number of nephrons
- usually located in
4. for urine concentration
- have lots of ______
components of nephron:
5.
6.
7.
NEPHRON
1. CORTEX
2. 1-1.5M nephrons
types:
3. CORTICAL NEPHRONS
- 85%
- CORTEX
4. JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS
- LOH
- Renal corpuscle
- Renal tubules
- Collecting duct
COMPONENTS OF NEPHRON
RENAL CORPUSCLE
1. filtering component
2. surround glomerulus
3. BIGGER LUMEN
- carriers blood __ glomerulus
4. SMALLER LUMEN
- carriers blood __ glomerulus
RENAL TUBULES
1. w/ convoluted portion & straight
portion
- which becomes ____ once it reaches medulla
2. u-shaped segment
- ____ descending segment
- ____ ascending segment
3. 2-3 loops & begins at juxtaglomerular apparatus w/ macula dense
COLLECTING DUCT
- transverse _____ & _____
- site of ______
RENAL CORPUSCLE
1. Glomerulus
2. Bowman’s capsule
3. Afferent arteriole
- TO
4. Efferent arteriole
- FROM
RENAL TUBULES
1. PCT
- LOH
2. LOH
- THIN
- THIN & THICK
1. DCT
COLLECTING DUCT
- RENAL DORTEX AND MEDULLA
- FINAL URINE CONC.
RENAL BLOOD FLOW:
1. _____ affects the kidney’s functional ability
- kidneys receive approx. ___ of blood
- which leaves the ____ thru ____
2. DECREASE in BP = afferent arterioles _____ to prevent _____ in renal blood flow
- which leads to build up of _____
3. INCREASE in BP = afferent arterioles _____ to prevent _____ in renal blood flow
- which leads to _____ & _____
4. total renal blood flow
5. total renal plasma flow
- DIRECTLY
- 20-25%
- LEFT VENTRICLE OF HEART; RENAL ARTERIES - DILATE -> DECREASE RBF
- build up of metabolic waste - CONSTRICT -> INCREASE RBF
- overfiltration & glomerular damage - 1,200 mL/minute
- 600-700 mL/minute per kidney
BLOOD VESSELS
1. CARRIES blood to KIDNEYS
2. DRAINS blood to KIDNEYS
3. CARRIES blood to GLOMERULUS
4. DRAINS blood to GLOMERULUS
5. CAPILLARY BED that surround CT
6. CAPILLARY BED that surrounds LOH
- FLOW
- RENAL ARTERY
- RENAL VEIN
- AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
- EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
- PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
- VASA RECTA
- RENAL ARTERY > AFFERENT ARTERIOLE > GLOMERULUS > EFFERENT ARTERIOLE > PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES > VASA RECTA > RENAL VEIN
_______: involves the filtration of blood which leads to formation of ultrafiltrate
- non selective filter or sieve of plasma substances
- MW of ______
FACTORS AFFECTING GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
1.
2.
3.
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
- GLOMERULUS
- LESS THAN 70,000
FACTORS AFFECTING GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
1. FILTRATION BARRIER
2. NET FILTRATION PRESSURE
3. RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION:
Filtration Barrier
1. pores (fenestrated) = increases capillary permeability but do not allow passage of large molecules & blood cells
2. further restriction of large molecules occurs as filtrate passes through basement membranes
3. barrier contains shield of negativity
- composed of specialized cells
- Capillary Wall Membrane
- Basement Membrane
- Visceral Epithelium of Bowman’s Capsule
- podocytes
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION:
Net Filtration Pressure
1. resulting from smaller size of efferent arteriole impermeable walls of ascending LOH & glomerular capillaries enhances filtration
2. autoregulatory mechanism reaches collecting duct of juxtaglomerular apparatus
- ____ = DECREASED BP prevents _____
- ____ = INCREASED BP prevents
3. 3 pressures involved:
- HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
- INCREASE & DECREASE OF ARTERIOLE SIZE
- DILATION = _____ accumulation of toxic waste products
- CONSTRICTION = prevents over filtration & damage to glomerulus - 3 pressures involved:
- Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (GBHP)
- Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)
- Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCHP)
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION:
Feedback Mechanism of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
1. regulates _____ and within _______
2. responds to changes in _____ & _____
- monitored by ______ (______ + _____)
- BLOOD FLOW, GLOMERULUS
- BLOOD PRESSURE, PLASMA SODIUM CONTENT
- juxtaglomerular apparatus (juxtataglomerular cells + macula densa)
how does RAAS work:
- _____ detects _____ in BP/ Na conc.
- ______ is stimulated to to release _____
- _____ converts _____ -> ______
- _____ is carried to circulation to lungs
- ____ converts _____ -> _______
- MACULA DENSA; decrease
- JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS ; RENIN
- RENIN converts ANGIOTENSINOGEN > ANGIOTENSIN I
- ANGIOTENSIN I
- ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE) converts
ANGIOTENSIN I > ANGIOTENSIN II
physiologic effects of ANGIOTENSIN II:
1. DILATES ______ & CONSTICTS ______
2. STIMULATES sodium reabsorption in ____
3. TRIGGERS ____ to release _____ to cause sodium reabsorption & potassium excretion in _____
4. TRIGGERS ____ released by _____ to stimulate water reabsorption in _____
- AFFERENT arteriole, EFFERENT arteriole
- PCT
- adrenal cortex, aldosterone, DCT
- antidiuretic hormone, hypothalamus, CD
_______: threshold substances needed by body are reabsorbed and pass back
into bloodstream; essential substances are returned to the circulation
- plasma concentration which active transport stops
- maximum rate of reabsorption of a
solute by the tubular cells
involves sending molecules from blood in peritubular capillaries into tubular filtrate for excretion
1. secretion of metabolic products by
2. two functions
3. regulationof acid base
- hydrogen are secreted in exchange for
- secreted hydrogen combines w/
- secreted hydrogen combines w/
Tubular Reabsorption
1. Renal threshold
2. Maximal Reabsorptive Capacity
Tubular Secretion
1. renal tubular cells
2. two functions:
- removes unneeed foreign waste substances that are not filtered by glomerulus
- regulation of acid-base balance thru hydrogen secretion
3. regulation of acid-base
- bicarbonate ions
- phosphate ion
- ammonia
TUBULAR REABSORPTION
ACTIVE TRANSPORT: location
1. glucose, aa, salts
2. chloride
3. sodium
PASSIVE TRANSPORT: location
1. water
2. urea
3. sodium
ACTIVE TRANSPORT: location
1. PCT
2. ascending LOP
3. PCT & DCT
PASSIVE TRANSPORT: location
1. PCT, descending LOH, collecting duct
2. PCT, ascending LOH
3. ascending LOH
Tubular Concentration (Renal/ Urine Concentration:
- begins in ascending and descending LOH:
- ascending LOH = ___ is reabsorbed
- descending LOH = ____ removed thru osmosis - final urine conc begins in ____ and continues up to ____
- affected by two hormones:
- responds to body’s need for sodium (promotes sodium reabsorption in ___)
- responds to body’s need for water (promotes water reabsorption in ___) - prevents excessive reabsorption of
water as filtrate passes thru highly concentrated medulla due to water-
impermeable walls of ascending LOH - essential for final concentration of filtrate when it reaches collecting duct
1.
- SODIUM CHLORIDE
- WATER
2. LATE DCT, CD
3. affected by two hormones:
- ALDOSTERONE (promotes sodium reabsorption in DCT)
- VASOPRESSIN (ADH) (DCT & CD)
4. Countercurrent mechanism
5. Osmotic Gradient
- increased body hydration
- ____ ADH
- ____ water reabsorption
- ____ urine volume
- ____ urine conc - decreased body hydration
- ____ ADH
- ____ water reabsorption
- ____ urine volume
- ____ urine conc
- increased body hydration
- DECREASED
- DECREASED
- INCREASED
- DECREASED - decreased body hydration
- INCREASED
- INCREASED
- DECREASED
- INCREASED
