LESSON 2 PHARMACODYNAMICS

Question 1

True or false

drugs, a chemical substance of known structure other than a nutrient produces a biological effect

Answer 1

True

Question 2

True or false

In pharmacodynamics, it deals with drugs’ effects on the body

Answer 2

True

Question 3

True or false

In PHARMACODYNAMICS, it study the chemical and pathological effects of drugs and
their mechanisms of actions

Answer 3

False
(biochemical and physiological)

Question 4

Drugs create effects de novo

Answer 4

False

Drugs do not create effects de novo

Question 5

In effects de novo, drugs only alter or modify the underlying biochemical and
physiological processes

Answer 5

True

Question 6

In PHARMACODYNAMICS Drug will not work unless it is bound to sites known as “drug
targets”

Answer 6

True

Question 7

most drug targets are protein molecules

Answer 7

True

Question 8

most drug targets are protein molecules except propanol, in treating osteoporosis, will
bind to calcium salts in the bone matrix

Answer 8

False

most drug targets are protein molecules
bisphosphonates, in treating osteoporosis, will
bind to calcium salts in the bone matrix

Question 9

There are (4) main types of target proteins:
o Receptors
o Enzymes
o Carrier Molecules (Transporter) o Ion Channels

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Enzymes are the biologic partners of drug action

Answer 10

False

Receptors are biologic partners of drug action

Question 11

Receptors are cellular macromolecules with which the drug interacts to elicit a
cellular response leading to the drug’s observed effects

Answer 11

True

Question 12

RECEPTORS are sensing elements in the system of chemical communications that
coordinates the functions of all the different cells in the body, it is also a components of cell or organisms that interact with the drug that initiates a chain of events that leads to the drug’s observed
effects

Answer 12

True

Question 13

ENZYMES are micromolecules having biological functions and possessing reactive sites for selected substrates

Answer 13

False

ENZYMES are macromolecules having biological functions and possessing reactive sites for selected substrates

Question 14

a drug acts as competitive inhibitor of an enzyme

Answer 14

True

Question 15

TRANSPORT PROTEINS act as catalysts; speed up the metabolic functions of the cell

Answer 15

False

ENZYMES act as catalysts; speed up the metabolic functions of the cell

Question 16

TRANSPORT PROTEINS
transport ions across the cell membrane

Answer 16

True

Question 17

ION CHANNELS
form water-filled pores that span the membrane

Answer 17

True

Question 18

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF RECEPTORS are:

1. SPECIFICITY
2. SELECTIVITY
3. RECEPTORS LARGELY DETERMINE THE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONS BETWEEN DOSE/CONCENTRATION OF DRUG & PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
4. RECEPTORS MEDIATE THE ACTIONS OF PHARMACOLOGIC AGONISTS & ANTAGONISTS
5. RECEPTORS HAVE THE ABILITY TO AMPLIFY SIGNAL DURATION & INTENSITY

Answer 18

True

Question 19

No drug acts with complete specificity.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

In selectivity molecular size, shape, & electrical charge will determine whether it will bind to a particular receptor

Answer 20

True

Question 21

there is a “fit” for a drug to its receptor that influences its selectivity

Answer 21

True

Question 22

ENZYMES LARGELY DETERMINE THE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONS BETWEEN DOSE/CONCENTRATION OF DRUG & PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Answer 22

False

RECEPTORS LARGELY DETERMINE THE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONS BETWEEN DOSE/CONCENTRATION OF DRUG & PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Question 23

the drug effect will be affected also by the pharmacokinetics
of the drug

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Potency is the measure of the amount of drug to produce an effect of a given magnitude

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Infinite refers to the ability of the drug to bind with the receptors.

Answer 25

False Affinity refers to the ability of the drug to bind with the receptors.

Question 26

Potency is the concentration or dose of a drug required to produce 60% of the drug’s maximal effect

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Potency will depend in part on affinity of receptors and efficiency with which drug-receptor interaction is coupled to receptors

Answer 27

True

Question 28

In potency the less drug required to produce an effect, the more potent the drug is

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Maximal Efficacy (Intrinsic Activity) is the ability of drug, once bound, to initiate changes that lead to effects

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Maximal Efficacy (Intrinsic Activity) will depends on number of drug-receptor complexes formed

Answer 30

True

Question 31

The clinical effectiveness of a drug depends not on its potency but on its maximal efficacy

Answer 31

True

Question 32

RECEPTORS MEDIATE THE ACTIONS OF PHARMACOLOGIC AGONISTS & ANTAGONISTS

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Agonists is a biologic response that mimics the response of endogenous ligand

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Antagonists bind to receptors without causing activation but they block the effect of agonist on receptors

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Antagonists’ efficacy is zero, no intrinsic activity

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Competitive Antagonism can be reversible or irreversible

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Competitive Antagonism, most direct mechanism by which one drug can increase the effect of another

Answer 37

False Competitive Antagonism, most direct mechanism by which one drug can decreased the effect of another

Question 38

antagonist binds to a site in the receptor other than where the agonist bonds without blocking agonist binding and that’s Non-Competitive Antagonism

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Non-Competitive Antagonism can be reversible or irreversible

Answer 39

False Non-Competitive Antagonism are usually irreversible

Question 40

Non-Competitive Antagonism: no matter how you increase the agonist concentration, it will not dissociate the antagonists

Answer 40

True

Question 41

Chemical Antagonism is a drug or ligand combines with another drug and renders it inactive

Answer 41

True

Question 42

In Chemical Antagonism the effect of the active drug is lost

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Physiological Antagonism acts at a completely separate receptor which produce effects that are functionally opposite to those of agonist

Answer 43

True

Question 44

antagonist effectively reduces the concentration of the active drug at its site of action

Answer 44

True

Question 45

In Pharmacokinetic Antagonism increasing the degradation the drug producing a lower effect, increasing the excretion of a drug reduces its effect as well

Answer 45

True

Question 46

Block of Receptor–Effector Linkage Antagonism, blocks from the receptor to chain of events leading to production of response by agonist

Answer 46

True

Question 47

second messengers are the hormones, neurotransmitters (NT), peptides

Answer 47

True

Question 48

Desensitization of Receptors also known as tachyphylaxis

Answer 48

True

Question 49

In Desensitization of Receptors there’s a temporary inaccessibility of receptors which the effect of drug gradually diminishes

Answer 49

True

Question 50

In Desensitization of Receptors it allows potential damage to the cell

Answer 50

False In Desensitization of Receptors it prevents potential damage to the cell

Question 51

Below are the mechanisms of Desensitization of Receptors: o exhaustion of receptors o translocation of receptors o physiological adaptation o altered drug metabolism

Answer 51

True

Question 52

IDENTIFY! occurs when a drug is repeatedly or chronically given to a patient

Answer 52

Desensitization of Receptors

Question 53

IDENTIFY! receptors are unresponsive to the ligand

Answer 53

Desensitization of Receptors

Question 54

IDENTIFY! cell’s responsiveness to ligand is reduced

Answer 54

Down-Regulation

Question 55

degradation of receptors occurs slower than de novo synthesis of receptors

Answer 55

False degradation of receptors occurs faster than de novo synthesis of receptors

Question 56

In Down-Regulation after activation, the receptors are either degraded or recycled

Answer 56

True

Question 57

degradation is more faster than recycling of the receptors

Answer 57

True

Question 58

degradation of receptors reduces effects

Answer 58

True

Question 59

hydrophilic ligands cannot enter or penetrate the cell and they interact with extracellular receptors.

Answer 59

True

Question 60

Hydrophobic or lipophilic ligands can enter the cell and interact with intracellular receptors.

Answer 60

True

Question 61

The location of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels, G CHON-Coupled Receptors, Enzyme-Linked Receptors are in the membrane

Answer 61

True

Question 62

Location of Nuclear Receptors is in the membrane

Answer 62

False Location of Nuclear Receptors is in the INTRACELLULAR

Question 63

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels are receptors on which fast neurotransmitters act, involving mainly fast (chemical) synaptic transmissions occurring in milliseconds

Answer 63

True

Question 64

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels is responsible for the regulation of flow of ions across the cell membrane

Answer 64

True

Question 65

IDENTIFY! serpentine receptors

Answer 65

G CHON-Coupled Receptors

Question 66

G CHON-Coupled Receptors constitutes the largest family, 7 membrane spanning alpha helices

Answer 66

True

Question 67

G CHON-Coupled Receptors pass on the message to the effector systems that generate a cellular response

Answer 67

True

Question 68

G CHON-Coupled Receptors needs second messengers in order to have a response

Answer 68

True

Question 69

second messengers are also known as neuromodulators or neurohormones essential in conducting and amplifying signals from G-protein coupled receptors

Answer 69

True

Question 70

Enzyme-Linked Receptors respond mainly to protein mediators

Answer 70

True

Question 71

Enzyme-Linked Receptors has 2 domain: enzyme domain, surface receptor domain

Answer 71

True

Question 72

Enzyme-Linked Receptors takes seconds to produce effects such as insulin

Answer 72

False take HOURS to produce effects such as insulin

Question 73

IDENTIFY! regarded as ligand activated transcription factors that transduce signals by modifying gene transcription

Answer 73

INTRACELLULAR OR NUCLEAR RECEPTORS

Question 74

Low Therapeutic Index means more side effects; not safe

Answer 74

True

Question 75

High Therapeutic Index means less side effects; safer to use

Answer 75

True

Question 76

Toxicity refers to the adverse effects of a drug.

Answer 76

True

Question 77

The primary goal of drug therapy is to achieve a desired pharmacologic effect without causing adverse reactions.

Answer 77

True

Question 78

Hyperreactive means patients who are unexpectedly resistant to the conventional doses of a drug

Answer 78

FALSE HYPOREACTIVE means patients who are unexpectedly resistant to the conventional doses of a drug

Question 79

Hyporeactive means patients that are unusually sensitive to a drug

Answer 79

FALSE HYPERREACTIVE means patients that are unusually sensitive to a drug

Question 80

Non compliance means patient will not take the drug as prescribed at a given time

Answer 80

True

Question 81

FACTORS INFLUENCING DRUG EFFECTS (PATIENT FACTORS) → body, weight & composition → age → sex, pregnancy, lactation → environmental factors–diet → genetic factor → physiologic variables → pathologic factor–decrease in organs of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Answer 81

True

Question 82

Normal patients may show unusual resistance for highly lipophilic agents especially when it is given in repeated doses.

Answer 82

False OBESE patients may show unusual resistance for highly lipophilic agents especially when it is given in repeated doses.

Question 83

Children have a risk of having tooth discoloration when given tetracycline.

Answer 83

True

Question 84

men are more vulnerable than women with respect to certain drugs.

Answer 84

False Women are more vulnerable than men with respect to certain drugs.

Question 85

In pregnancy, drugs can have teratogenic effects on the fetus resulting in genetic abnormalities.

Answer 85

True

Question 86

In elderly patients, the dose needs to be adjusted.

Answer 86

True

Question 87

There are certain drugs not given together with food. An example of which is tetracycline which is not to be given with dairy products or antacids which have contraindications.

Answer 87

True

Question 88

variables in drug administration–time, duration

Answer 88

True

Question 89

placebo effect means o any effect attributable to medication or procedure that is not related to its pharmacodynamic or specific properties o most often, there is an inert substance

Answer 89

True

Question 90

placebo effect means a psychological condition where the response arises from expectations of the patient concerning their effects

Answer 90

True

Question 91

IDENTIFY! According to Onset According to Degree According to Predictability

Answer 91

According to Onset 1. acute 2. subacute 3. delayed According to Degree 1. mild 2. moderate 3. severe According to Predictability 1. predictable & dose-related 2. unpredictable & not necessarily dose-related

Question 92

furosemide, is a diuretic which reduces edema.

Answer 92

True

Question 93

SIDE EFFECTS can be predictable, dose-dependent reaction related to the goal of therapy

Answer 93

FALSE SIDE EFFECTS can be predictable, dose-dependent reaction UNRELEATED to the goal of therapy

Question 94

IDIOSYNCRATIC REACTIONS is an unexpected response to a drug

Answer 94

True

Question 95

IDIOSYNCRATIC REACTIONS is a dose-dependent, unpredictable

Answer 95

True

Question 96

IDENTIFY! → adverse reaction of immunologic origin

Answer 96

DRUG ALLERGY

Question 97

In drug allergy, the nature of unfavorable effect is not a function of the offending drug but of the immune mechanism involved

Answer 97

True

Question 98

→ anaphylactic responses → within minutes or hours → release of histamine & other mediators Is a type of allergy in type 2

Answer 98

FALSE TYPE 1

Question 99

Is a type of allergy in type 1 → more likely in parenteral injection → treatment is epinephrine

Answer 99

True

Question 100

IDENTIFY What type of allergy? → cytotoxic → usually delayed → caused by circulating antibodies

Answer 100

TYPE 2

Question 101

Type of allergy TYPE 3 is an immune complex reactions

Answer 101

True

Question 102

In type 4 allergy it is cell- mediated

Answer 102

True

Question 103

Type 2 & 4 in allergy is usually delayed

Answer 103

True

Question 104

Drug will work if it is bound to sites known as “drug targets”

Answer 104

False (Drug will not work unless it is bound to sites known as “drug targets”)