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Systematics Biology > Lesson 2: Species & Speciation > Flashcards

Lesson 2: Species & Speciation Flashcards

1
Q

4 postulates of morphological species concept

A
  1. Species consist of similar individuals sharing the same essence;
  2. Each species is separated from all others by a sharp difference;
  3. Each species is completely constant through time; and
  4. There are strict limits to the possible variation w/in any one species
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2
Q

Which of the postulate isn’t accepted today?

A

Each species is completely constant through time

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3
Q

natural group of organisms

A

species

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4
Q

Which concept is not applicable in case of cryptic species?

A

Morphological Species Concept

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5
Q

Nature produces individuals and nothing more

A

Nominalistic Species Concept

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6
Q

Also known as morphological species concept

A

typological species concept

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7
Q

Who’s idea is the nominalistic species concept

A

william ockham

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8
Q

What’s the main point of ockham’s concept?

A

species are mental concepts & nothing more

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9
Q

It was popular in 18th century in France and still used by some botanist

A

nominalistic species concept

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10
Q

Species are the largest and most inclusive reproductive community of sexual and cross-fertilizing individuals that share a common gene pool

A

Biological species concept

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11
Q

Types of species concepts

A 
Typological / morphological species concept
nominalistic species concept
biological species concept
evolutionary species concept
phylogenetic species concept
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12
Q

Who formulated first the biological species concept?

A

Karl Jordan 1905

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13
Q

Who supported Jordan’s idea in 1937?

A

Dobzhansky

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14
Q

Who supported it n 1940?

A

Ernest Mayr

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15
Q

BSC was accepted in the after of the ______ in 1859

A

origin of species

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16
Q

2 points of the concept about organism

A

– Organisms may appear to be alike and be different species.

– Organisms may look different yet be the same species

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17
Q

The 3 properties of a species by Mayr

A

Reproductive Community
Ecological Unit
Genetic Unit

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18
Q

Intercommunicating gene pool; merely a temporary vessel holding a small portion of the contents of gene pool.

A

Genetic unit

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19
Q

individuals of species recognize each other as potential mates

A

reproductive community

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20
Q

cooperatively form a unit; interact w/ other species as unit

A

ecological unit

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21
Q

3 problems w/ BSC

A

Asexual groups
Reproductive isolation is often incomplete
Not applicable to extinct species

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22
Q

why is asexual groups a problem w/ BSC?

A

interbreeding isn’t possible

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23
Q

Why does reproductive isolation is often incomplete?

A

hybridization

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24
Q

Why is it not applicable to extinct species?

A

fossil specimens have limited characters to look on

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25
Q

Species is a series of ancestor descendent populations passing through time and space independent of other populations, each of which possesses its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate

A

Evolutionary Species concept

26
Q

Who formulate Evolutionary Species Concept?

A

G.G. Simpson & E.O Wiley

27
Q

Why did they formulate this concept?

A

due to the flaws of the biological species and it is initially developed to define fossil species

28
Q

Species is the smallest diagnosable monophyletic group of populations within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent

A

Phylogenetic Species Concept

29
Q

why is it less restrictive than the biological species concept?

A

breeding between members of different species does not pose a problem

30
Q

Who formulated PSC?

A

J. Cracraft

31
Q

PSC meaning

A

it permits successive species to be defined even if they have evolved in an unbroken line of descent, with continuity of sexual fertility

32
Q

new total number of species on earth

A

8.7 million; 6.5 on land & 2.2 in oceans

33
Q

15 types of species

A 
Chronospecies 
Cosmopolitan species 
Cryptic species 
Endemic species 
Fugitive species 
Polytypic species 
Relic species
Lazarus species
Subspecies 
Superspecies 
Vicariant species 
Sister species 
Sibling species 
Semispecies 
Ring species
34
Q

ranks below the species

A

infraspecific rank

35
Q

Genus name + Specific epithet + Infraspecific rank

A

trinomial; usually made when the taxon has small diff w/ its closest taxon

36
Q

true or false

Placing a taxon under a infraspecific rank is subjective (same as with declaring a new species)

A

true

37
Q

Infraspecific rank is encouraged

A

algae, fungi and plants (ICN)

38
Q

Infraspecific rank is not always encouraged

A

animals (ICZN) & prokaryotes (ICNP)

39
Q

below the variety rank

A

forma; usually used in highly cultivated plants

40
Q

A lineage splitting into two or more separates species

A

speciation

41
Q

changes in species is slow and gradual, occurring in small periodic changes in the gene pool

A

gene flow

42
Q

t or f

Intermediate phenotypes cannot be observed

A

false; it can be observed

43
Q

2 rates/ tempo of speciation

A

gradualism

punctuated equilibrium

44
Q

gradualism

A

changes in species slow & gradual, occurs in small periodic changes in gene pool

45
Q

example of gradualism

A

horse

46
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

occurs in spurts of relatively rapid change with long periods of non- change

47
Q

intermediate phenotypes can be observed

A

gradualism

48
Q

no record of the intermediate phenotypes

A

punctuated equilibrium

49
Q

For a lineage to speciate, a population must be isolated; 2types of isolation

A

reproductively & geographically

50
Q

reproductive isolation

A

Caused by the existence of biological barriers that prevents members of two different species from producing viable, fertile hybrids

51
Q

2kinds of speciation under reproductive isolation

A

prezygotic & postzygotic barriers

52
Q

prezygotic barrier

A

reproduction BEFORE fertilization; malting or ferti

53
Q

postzygotic barrier

A

reproduction AFTER fertilization; hybrid viability or ferti

54
Q

4 prezygotic isolating mechanisms and meaning

A

temporal - two species mate at diff times of the years; based on seasons
ecological - occupy diff habitats
behavioural - diff courtship behaviours
mechanical - physical diff prevents copulation/pollination

55
Q

3 postzygotic isolating mechanisms and meaning

A

hybrid inviability - hybrids are produced but fail to develop to reproductive maturity

hybrid infertility - fail to produce functional gametes (sterility)

hybrid breakdown - F1 hybrids are fertile but F2 hybrids generation fails to develop properly

56
Q

4kinds of speciation under geographical isolation

A

allopatric speciation
sympatric speciation
peripatric speciation
Parapratic speciation

57
Q

Speciation occurs when the gene flow between populations is interrupted by a geographical barrier

A

allopatric speciation

58
Q

Speciation occurs when a small group breaks off from the larger group and forms a new species due to physical barriers

A

peripatric speciation

59
Q

Speciation occurs when a species is spread out over a large area which results in mating restricted to a vicinity. Although there is no physical barrier involve, slight differences in their habitat can result in speciation

A

Parapratic speciation

60
Q

Speciation occurs when there is

no geographical barrier to interrupt gene flow between populations

A

sympatric speciation

Systematics Biology (2 decks)

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