Lesson 2.1: History of Medical Technology

Question 1

instigated a qualitative assessment of disorder through measurement of body fluids (4 humors):

Timeline?

Answer 1

Hippocrates & Galen

300 B.C. - 180 A.D.

• Blood
• Phlegm
• Yellow Bile
• Black Bile

Question 2

“Father of Medicine”

believed that presence of bubbles or pus already indicated kidney failur

Advocated what

Answer 2

HIPPOCRATES

Author of the Hippocratic Oath

• Tasting of Urine
• Listening of Lungs

Question 3

• Greek Physician and Philosopher
• Described Diabetes as “Diarrhea of Urine”

Contribution?

Answer 3

Galen

Contributions to phlebotomy
● established urine intake and urine output
○ more fluid intake = more urine output

● Anuria
○ more fluid but less or normal urine output
○ possible blockage in urinary bladder

Question 4

According to whom said that Medtech can be traced back to 1550 B.C. when Taenia and Ascaris parasites were mentioned in writings

Answer 4

Vivian Herrick

Question 5

3 stages of hookworm infection

Intestinal parasites and their information

Answer 5

• egg/ova
• larva
• adult

Found in the Gastrointestinal (G.I.) tract

○ Taenia - tapeworm (flatworm)
■ improper removal of tapeworm = chance of reinfection
■ Taenia saginata - uncooked beef tapeworm
■ Taenia solium - uncooked pork tapeworm

○ Ascaris - small intestinal roundworms from pigs
■ oral/fecal infection

Question 6

Preserved medical document from ancient Egypt, traced to about 1550 B.C.

Answer 6

Ebers Papyrus

Question 6

• Wrote the An Introduction to the Profession of Medical Technology
• believed that Medical Technology began from the Medieval Period (1096-1438): urinalysis was a fad

what is a fad?

Answer 6

Prof. M. Ruth Williams

Fad - popular activity

Question 7

Period where quacks reaped fortunes from diagnosing diseases by urine appearance.

What happened earlier than this

Answer 7

Medieval Period

Earlier than this, Hindu doctors made scientific
observations on urine

○ sweetish taste of urine was attracting ants
▪︎Sweet urine = Diabetic Mellitus

Question 8

Where in the medieval period, diagnosis by “water
casting” (uroscopy) was widely practiced.

where do they place the samples

Answer 8

Medieval Europe

place sample in a colorful flask

Question 8

Believed that MedTech began from the 14th century when a prominent Italian doctor at the Univ. of Bologna employed Alessandra Giliani to perform diff. tasks in the laboratory and Giliani died due to a laboratory-acquired infection.

Answer 8

Anne Fagelso

Question 9

An Italian physician, anatomist, and professor of surgery

Answer 9

Mondino de Liuzzi

Question 10

○ Requested by Mondino de Liuzzi to perform laboratory tests
○ Died of laboratory acquired infections (LAIs)

Answer 10

Alessandra Giliani

Question 11

In 1585 - 1632, a Dutch lens maker who invented the first compound microscope with his father Hans Janssen

15th to 16th Century

Answer 11

Zacharias Janssen

Question 12

In 1628 - 1694 A.C., he is the greatest early microscopist because of his work in embryology & anatomy

• Founder of Microscopical Anatomy, Histology
• Father of Histology
• Father of Physiology and Embryology
  ▪︎Chick embryology

Answer 12

Marcello Malpighi

Question 16

• In 1628 - 1694, he is the one of the youngest medical specialists who founded in Berlin the Archives in Pathology.
• Scientifically contributed on Cell Theory

why do diseases could occur in a cellular level

Answer 16

Rudolf Virchow

due to how cells arise from pre-existing cells

Question 17

Father of Microbiology and Microscopy

17th Century

Answer 17

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

Question 18

what did Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek invent on 1660 A.C.

Answer 18

invented the first functional microscope
first to describe red blood cells, protozoa & classify shape of bacteria

• Shape bacteria
  ○ Cocci - circle-shaped
  ○ Bacilli - rod-shaped
  ○ Spirochetes - corkscrew-shaped
• Red blood cells
  ○ biconcave shape
  ▪︎ depression in the center
  ▪︎due: (1) carry oxygen & (2) flexibility to entercapillaries
• Protozoa
  ○ single celled

Question 19

• In 1796, he discovered vaccination to establish immunity to smallpox
• Great contribution to Immunology

• What agent of Smallpox
• What did he do to produce a vaccine

Answer 19

Edward Jenner (1796)

*smallpox
○ poxviridae

*scraped cowpox then infected child to produce vaccine

Question 20

• made several means of collecting evidences to diagnose his patients
• found out that a large part of the complete picture of
  the diagnosis consisted of laboratory findings
• idea of changing science of medicine system was
  interfered by government thus the issuance of Apothecaries Act of 1815

what are Apothecaries

What are the responsibility of Apothecaries

Answer 20

Dr. William Occam

General Practitioners

Given responsibility to educate and host training program for people who wants to practice medicine

Question 21

Invented the Stethoscope in 1816

• First diagnostic medical breakthrough

*Used the Stethoscope to acquire information about lungs and heartbeats

Answer 21

René Laennec (1816)

• First diagnostic medical breakthrough
• Used to acquire information about lungs and heartbeats

Question 22

In 1800, through his leadership, medicine brought in itselfa complete revolution by the development of physical findingsbefore and after death in establishing anatomical pathology and later in adding bacteriology to the elucidation of the causes ofdisease and laboratory examinations.

Answer 22

Baron Karl von Humboldt (1800)

Question 23

Invented the **spirometer** on **1834** to measure the **vital capacity of the lungs**

Answer 23

**John Hutchinson (1834)**

Question 23

In **1835**, he invented the **sphygmomanometer** to measure blood pressure

Answer 23

**Jules Herrison (1835)**

Question 23

What happened in **1840**

Answer 23

**Development of Microscope** ○ Developed for **medical purposes** due to advances in lenses and lower cost ○ The first practical microscope was **devised by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek**

Question 24

Who devised the **first practical microscope**

Answer 24

**Antonie van Leeuwenhoek**

Question 25

What did **Hermann von Helmholtz** invent on **1850** | The First Visual Technology

Answer 25

**Ophthalmoscope**

Question 26

In **1855**, he devised the **Laryngoscope** using two mirrors to observe the **throat** and **larynx**

Answer 26

**Manuel Garcia (1855)**

Question 27

* Successfully developed **vaccines** against **anthrax** and **rabies** * Originated the process of **pasteurization** | what is **pasteurization** ## Footnote Types and description of anthrax and rabies

Answer 27

**Louis Pasteur (1857)** | Pasteurization - sterilization process of milk ## Footnote ○ **Cutaneous Anthrax** - black blisters ▪︎ black-colored holes in skin ○ **Intestinal Anthrax** - diarrhea & stomach pain ○ **Pulmonary Anthrax** - deadliest class ▪︎ lead to respiratory diseases ○ Rabies ▪︎ **Rhabdoviridae** (family) ▪︎ **lyssavirus** (genus ofrhabdoviridae)

Question 28

● **Invented the X-ray** when he accidentally discovered that radiation could penetrate solid objects of low density ● Allowed physicians to view the inside of the body without surgery ● Used to **diagnose pneumonia, pleurisy, and tuberculosis** since World War II

Answer 28

**Wilhelm Roentgen (1859)**

Question 29

* **Law of inherited characteristics** from his studies on plants * **Punnett square** and contributions to **genetics**

Answer 29

**Gregor Mendel (1866)**

Question 30

* **Father of Antiseptic Surgery** * Demonstrated that **surgical infections** are caused by **airborne microorganisms**

Answer 30

**Joseph Lister (1870)**

Question 31

● Presented first pictures of bacilli **(anthrax)**, and later the **tubercle bacilli (TB)** ## Footnote Agent of **tubercle bacilli (TB)**

Answer 31

**Robert Koch (1877)** ## Footnote **Mycobacterium tuberculosis**

Question 32

Described **phagocytes** in blood and their role in **fighting infection**

Answer 32

**Elie Metchnikof (1886)**

Question 33

Distinguished **blood groups** through the development of the **ABO blood group system**

Answer 33

**Karl Landsteiner (1902)**

Question 34

Developed **Electrocardiograph (ECG)** ## Footnote Function?

Answer 34

**William Einthoven (1903)** ## Footnote Used to measure the electrical changes during the beating of the heart

Question 35

* Developed **immunologic tests** for **syphilis** ## Footnote Causitive agent for syphilis ▪︎ Class of bacteribacteria

Answer 35

**August von Wassermann (1906)** ## Footnote ○ **Treponema Pallidum (STD)** ▪︎ spirochetes (corkscrew)

Question 36

Discovered microorganisms whose range lies between bacteria and viruses called **rickettsiae**

Answer 36

**Howard Ricketts (1906)**

Question 37

Devised the **Kenny Method** Devised in the **treatment of polio** (then called **infantile paralysis**) using hot packs and muscle manipulation ○ Prompted the invention of a new stretcher (**Sylvia stretcher** in **1927**) intended for transporting patients in shock

Answer 37

**Elizabeth Kenny (1910)** ## Footnote ○ Served as the pioneering work for modern physical therapy.

Question 38

Invented the **Drinker Respirator** ## Footnote Function?

Answer 38

**Philip Drinker (1927)** ## Footnote ○ Helps patients with paralytic anterior poliomyelitisrecover normal respiration with the assistance ofartificial respirator

Question 41

Worked out the structure of **hemoglobin**

Answer 41

**Hans Fischer (1929)**

Question 42

Invented the **Heart-Lung Machine**

Answer 42

**Hermann von Helmholz (1939)**

Question 43

* First operated by **Forsmann** in **1929** * Developed by **Moniz**, **Reboul**, and **Rousthoi** between **1930** and **1940** * Discovered as safe method in humans by Cournand in **1941** * Made seeing the heart, lung vessels, and valves possible through inserting a cannula in an arm vein and into the heart with an injection of radiopaque dye for X-ray visualization.

Answer 43

**Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography (1941)**

Question 44

Developed the **poliomyelitis vaccine**

Answer 44

**Jonas Salk (1954)**

Question 45

Introduced the **Westgard rules** for quality control in the clinical laboratory | for well-calibrated machines

Answer 45

**James Westgard (1973)**

Question 46

Introduced the **hepatitis B vaccine**

Answer 46

**Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1980)**

Question 47

Developed the **Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)**

Answer 47

**Kary Mullis (1985)**

Question 48

Opened the 1st chemical laboratory (well-equipped) | When?

Answer 48

**Dr. Silas Douglas** | **1857**

Question 49

Start of **1st laboratory instruction** Grew and became the largest, best equipped laboratory opened to students | When?

Answer 49

**University of Michigan** | **1884**

Question 50

when did the same laboratory opened at the Medical Collegeof St. Bartholomew

Answer 50

**1854**

Question 51

what University hired part-time practicing clinicians that were reinforced as teachers for full time job in medical teaching applying new laboratory methods of medical practice | when

Answer 51

University College of Cambridge | 1858

Question 52

what did the University College of Cambridge hire part-time and why | when

Answer 52

hired **part-time practicing clinicians** reinforced as** teachers** for a full time job in medical **teaching applying new laboratory methods of medical practice** | 1858

Question 53

when he to transferred to **Bellevue Hospital Medical College**, he was first to offer **PATHOLOGY** in an American Medical School | The medical school consisted of? and coscosted ## Footnote Other information

Answer 53

**Dr. William H. Welch (1878)** | Consisted of **3 rooms furnished with kitchen tables and 6 antique micro ## Footnote * He **first pathology professor** at **Johns Hopkins University**, which was the **Top 1 School of Medicine** * The **bacillus welchii** was also named afterhim

Question 54

**First clinical laboratory** to open occupying 12 x 12 size room and was equipped | at what cost and when

Answer 54

**Johns Hopkins University Dept. of Pathology (1885)** | costed of 50 US dollars (1896)

Question 55

* Initiated the use of laboratory **animals for experimentation** * Concluded that the **use of the lab methods** in clinical medicine elucidates **pathological problems**

Answer 55

**Sir John Scott Burdon-Sanderson**

Question 56

Father of **Modern Medicine** * **First clinical laboratory** opened at John HopkinsUniversity | The first parasite to be recognized as a **cause of malaria** ## Footnote Other information

Answer 56

**Dr. William Osler (1896)** | **Plasmodium Malariae** ## Footnote ○ do routine exams but special attention to identification of **malarial parasite (blood)**

Question 56

* opened at University of Pennsylvania * oldest clinical laboratory in the US ## Footnote Other lab opened where

Answer 56

**William Pepper Laboratory** ## Footnote Other labs opened in: **Boston, Baltimore, New YoYork and other cities**

Question 57

* Bible of Medical Technology * became the standard reference book for laboratories ## Footnote Who wrote it

Answer 57

**“A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis”** | retitled as **"Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods"** ## Footnote **Dr. James C. Todd (1908)** 6th ed. by Dr. Todd and Dr. Arthur Sandford (20th century edition by Henry and Davidson) (21st century edition by McPhincus et. al.)

Question 58

What happened in the following years 1. 1900 2. 1920 3. 1922

Answer 58

1. 100 male technicians employed in US 2. 3,300 technicians 3. 3,035 hospitals had clinical laboratories

Question 59

when was the Approval of **Insurance Act** that made complete changes in laboratory science ## Footnote what are the changes

Answer 59

**1911** ## Footnote * Paid sick leave * Access to TB treatment * Maternity benefits

Question 60

what happened in**1915**

Answer 60

* State Legislature of Pennsylvania * enacted a law requiring all hospitals & institutions to have adequate laboratory **employing a full-time laboratory technician**

Question 61

* important factor in the demand of clinical lab & produced great demand for technicians * due to high demand, practicing doctors teach their assistants to do some tests for them

Answer 61

**World War 1**

Question 62

more societies were developed since then

Answer 62

organization of **Denver Society of Clinical Pathologist**

Question 62

* established one of the **1st lab. training school for laboratory workers** * issued course bulletin entitled **“Courses in Med. Tech. for Clinical and Laboratory Technicians”** | whatyear

Answer 62

**University of Minnesota** | 1922

Question 63

establishment of the **American Board of Pathologist**

Answer 63

**1936**

Question 64

* mark effect of lab. medicine & moved into a new era of sophistication * **Increase blood use** & adopted **“closed system”**,blood collection * Instrumentation became advance & measurements made use of instruments (new chemical test) * Emergence of automated equipment & development of new QC programs

Answer 64

**World War II** | This is to avoid contamination

Question 65

What did U.S. require

Answer 65

a **2-year collegiate education** + **12-month actual lab. training** for the preparation of its practice

Question 66

When was a **standard curriculum** formalized in preparation for a **Bachelor of Science degree**

Answer 66

**1950**

Question 67

Concepts

Answer 67

* Pathology * Clinical Microscopy * Blood Cells * Physio Chemistry * Bacteriology

Question 68

**Conclusion**

Answer 68

* Logical growth progression in clinical laboratory * Practices during medieval period aren’t applicable today