LESSON 3 Flashcards by Justy Malubay

– ordering of an organism into a hierarchy of categories.

Classification

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Naming of organisms (“Nomen” – name; “calare” – to call) ● animals bear two names, scientific and common
● scientific name is used by scientists universally
● common names are vernacular names and often less precise than
scientific names

Nomenclature

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major application of classification.

Identification

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comprise a sequence of paired statements and questions that allow the
user to eliminate alternative options and eventually associate the unknown
specimens with a name.

Keys

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involves the theoretical basis for classification and the study of
classification schemes.

Taxonomy

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primitively wingless insects

Apterygota

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– winged and secondarily
wingless insects

Pterygota

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Also called telsontail or conehead
● contains microscopic and elongated insects
● have piercing- mouthparts
● no antennae, cerci and compound eyes and metamorphosis

Protura (Proturans)

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Also called two-pronged bristletail
● contains microscopic, wingless and elongated insects
● have cerci and chewing mouthparts
● no compound eyes and metamorphosis

Diplura (Diplurans)

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are small to moderate-sized insects, primitively wingless, elongated with
three tail-like filaments
● their bodies are covered with gray silvery scales
● no metamorphosis
● Bristletails, silverfish

Thysanura

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are microscopic, primitively wingless with six (6) segmented abdomen -
● presence of abdominal forked or furcula
● no metamorphosis
● Springtails

Collembola (Collembolans)

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● are small to moderate-sized with four delicate membranous wings
● presence of setaceous antennae and long multi-segmented cerci
● short-lived, mostly die in 1-2 days
● mating takes place in swarms; males die shortly after mating and female
dies after laying eggs in water
● mayflies

Ephemeroptera

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are quite large insects with large compound eyes, strong chewing
mouthparts, setaceous antennae
● elongated abdomen with small cerci
● have 2 suborders:

Odonata

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dragonflies

Anisoptera –

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damselflies

Zygoptera

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● moderate to large insects (over 1 foot long)
● A. forewings are leathery (tegmen) whereas hindwings are membranous
● B. have chewing mouthparts and most of them are phytophagous
● grasshoppers, crickets, roaches, mantids, walking sticks

Orthoptera

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also known as white ants, soft-bodied, small to medium sized with winged
and wingless form
● winged forms have four (4) membranous wings that are exactly alike
● prognathous head, chewing mouthparts and moniliform antennae.
● termites

Isoptera

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are moderate-sized insects
● naiads are abundant under stones in creeks or streams
● plaited wings which refer to the hindwings which are larger than the
frontwings and folded in plait above the abdomen.
● Long filiform antennae, chewing mouthparts and long and
multisegmented cerci
● stoneflies

Plecoptera

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“Embio” – lively
● are small insects with depressed and elongated body
● have four membranous wings with foretarsi enlarged and with silk gland
● webspinner

Embioptera

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“Psoco” – rub small
● are small insects with filiform and long antennae
● hindwings are smaller than frontwings that held rooflike over their body
when at rest
● with chewing mouthparts
● Psocids, barklice, booklice

Psocoptera

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“Derma” – skin
● elongated and moderately sized insects with four wings
● forewings are very small and leathery
● hindwings are folded lengthwise and crosswise
● forcep-like cerci are located at the tip of the abdomen forming like a pair
of scissors.
● Many earwigs are predatory to major pests such as corn borer

Dermaptera

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“mallo” – wool; “phaga” – to eat
● are small (1.5 mm), wingless insects whose head is broader than the
thorax
● have chewing mouthparts, prominent claws and reduced eyes with no
ocelli
● parasitic on birds by feeding on feathers and dried blood.
● Chewing lice

Mallophaga

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“anol” – unarmed
● are small, wingless insects with dorsal spiracles
● dorsoventrally flattened bodies
● live as ectoparasites on bodies of mammals
● legs are adapted for clinging on hairs
● eggs are called nits attached singly on hair
● life cycle from egg to adult is about 3 weeks
● well-fed adult lice may live for more than a month
● sucking lice

Anoplura

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● extremely elongated and minute insects
● rasping-sucking mouthparts with conical beak
● four membranous wings are fringed with
long hair
● thrips

Thysanoptera

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are small to moderate-sized insects with four wings ● frontwings or hemelytra have a thickened and leathery basal part while the apical portion is membranous ● hindwings are entirely membranous ● piercing-sucking mouthparts arise from the anterior end of the head extend ventrally, sometimes reaching the base of the hindlegs ● bugs

Hemiptera

are small with four membranous or leathery wings sloping at the sides of the body when at rest ● piercing-sucking mouthparts arise from the posterior side of the head somewhat near the first pair of legs ● many species are transmitters or vectors of plant viruses and other plant disease causing agents ● aphids, scale insects, hoppers, cicadas, pyllids, whiteflies

Homoptera

most numerous which constitute 40% of the total number of known insects. ● presence of hard or thickened front pair of wings called elytra ● membranous hindwings are used for flight ● have chewing mouthparts with well developed mandibles ● beetles

Coleoptera

constitute the most attractive and colorful groups of insects ● adults have siphoning mouthparts while larvae (caterpillar) have chewing type mouths and feed on roots, stems, and leaves of plants ● scaly wings ● Moths and butterflies

Lepidoptera

contains a pair of functional membranous forewings ● hindwings are modified into slender, knob-like structure called halteres used for balancing instead of flight. ● Mouthparts varied from sponging type (housefly) to cutting-sponging type (horseflies, deerflies)

Diptera

contains most of the beneficial insects ● both wings are membranous, the smaller hindwings are interlocked with the larger forewings by means of a hook-like structure called hamuli ● have chewing-lapping type of mouthparts ● parthenogenesis is common ● ovipositor is adapted for sawing, piercing or stinging ● ants, bees, wasps, sawflies

Hymenoptera

are small, wingless and body compressed laterally ● hindlegs are enlarged adapted for jumping ● piercing-sucking mouthparts ● ectoparasites (blood suckers) of mammals including human ● fleas

Siphonaptera

are small to medium sized insects with four membranous wings with numerous veins and cross veins ● with chewing type of mouthparts ● predatory and some species (lacewings) are used to control insect pests ● alderflies, antlions, dobsonflies, fishflies, lacewings, snakeflies, owlflies

Neuroptera

medium-sized with four membranous wings ● head is modified into beak with chewing mouthparts ● predatory insects ● scorpionflies

Mecoptera

are small to medium-sized with four membranous wings covered with hair ● adult mouthparts are not developed ● caddisflies

Trichoptera

are very small endoparasitic insects, which considered true parasites - only males have wings ● forewings are reduced to club-shaped appendages ● hindwings are fan shaped and are large compared to the body ● twisted-winged parasites

Strepsiptera

Nature of damage: damage is done solely by adults by boring on the unopened leaves of the central bud.

Rhinocerus beetle:

Nature of damage: adult and legless larvae bore into the soft bud resulting in the destruction of the whole crown.

Asiatic palm weevils:

Nature of damage: portion of the leaves eaten up leaving the midribs

Slug caterpillar

Nature of damage: Same as Rhinocerus beetle

Atlas beetle Elephant beetle

Nature of damage: Larvae feed upon tillers and causes deadhearts or drying of the central tiller, during vegetative stage; and causes whiteheads at reproductive stage

White stemborer

Larval damage to tillers during the vegetative stage results in ‘dead heart’ symptom (drying up of central shoot) and damage during the panicle initiation stage results in ‘white ear’ (chaffy, unfilled grains)

Yellow stem borer

Nature of damage: Similar to other stem borers

Striped Stem borer

Similar to other stem borers (Caterpillars enter the stem and bore down the centre, especially weakening the nodes)

Dark- headed stem borer, Gold Fringed stem borer Pink stem borer

Nature of damage: Severe infestations cause plants in the 'milk' or 'dough' stages to gradually yellow from the tip, brown, dry out and collapse - a wilt, known as 'hopperburn

Brown Planthopper

Nature of damage: Similar to brown planthopper

Rice White back Planthopper, Small Brown Planthopper,

Nature of damage: Tungro,stunted plants and reduced vigor, reduced number of productive tillers, withering or complete plant drying

Rice Green leafhoppers

Nature of damage: Both nymphs and adults suck plant sap and cause tip drying and orange discoloration of both margins of leaves.

Rice zigzag leafhoppers

Nature of damage: browning of leaves, deadheart, and bugburn. Their damage also causes stunting in plants, reduced tiller number, and formation of whiteheads.

Rice black bug

Nature of damage: Rice bugs suck out the contents of developing grains from pre-flowering spikelets to soft dough stage, therefore causing unfilled or empty grains and discoloration. Immature and adult rice bugs both feed on rice grains.

Rice bug

Nature of damage: larvae feed and grow, some may be found tunneled into the midrib of leaves. This damage can cause leaves to break at the point of borer entry; "shot hole" damage pattern

Corn borer

Nature of damage: Injury resulting from whorl feeding by corn earworm larvae. Such infestations can be damaging by stunting plants, removing leaf tissue needed for photosynthesis and sometimes destroying the inner whorl.

Corn earworm

Nature of damage:Seedcorn maggot damages newly planted seeds by feeding on seed contents. Often the shells of the seeds are empty and germination is greatly reduced. Seedlings that do emerge are spindly with few leaves. Occasionally, seedcorn maggots tunnel seedling stems.

Corn seedling Maggot

Nature of damage: Heavily infested corn leaves may wilt, curl, and show yellow patches of discoloration; incomplete kernel development

Corn aphids

Nature of damage: The larvae tunnel through the corms; napping of the pseudostem, retarded and stunted growth, premature leaf drop

Corm weevil/Banana root borer

Nature of damage: bunchy top, stunted plants, yellow leaves, leaves upright and tend to cluster in the “throat” of the plant

Banana aphids

Nature of damage: Nymphs feed by sucking the plant sap, Water soaked areas on fruits (initial), rusty deep red to dark brown colored skin (later)

Red rust thrips

Nature of damage: Scarring damage on the fruits

Flower Thrips

Nature of damage: Black sooty mold in the fruits

Banana mealybug

Nature of damage: curling and drying of the infested tissue. They also damage the crop by secreting a sweet sticky substance which facilitates development of sooty (black) mould

Mango leafhopper

Nature of damage: Caterpillar penetrate developing inflourescens and tender leaf midribs or shoots, tunneling downwards the stem

Mango tip borer

Nature of damage: oviposition punctures on mango fruit mark spots; larval feeding on the soft flesh of fruits.

Oriental fruitfly

Nature of damage: Larvae feed on skin surfaces and internal parts of fruits locules leaving reddish frass on the skin. Under serious infestation the flesh is infested and inedible

Durian fruit borer

Nature of damage: bore into the wood of trees, forming galleries in which both adults and larvae live. They feed on an ambrosia fungus, which they cultivate.

Shot-hole/Ambrosia beetle

Nature of damage: The grub and mature one suck the nutrients from the bud, so the leaf is crooked and finally falls. The grub produces the white grease to cover its body and leave it on the leaf

Durian psyllid

Nature of damage: Feeds on seeds and grains thus reducing quality

Rice weevil:

Nature of damage: same as rice weevil

Maize weevil

Nature of damage: most destructive insect pests of milled products such as flour and bran by feeding on cereal grains and flour

Flour beetle

Bean weevil:

Nature of damage: Feed on copra by boring through it

Copra beetle

1. Rice moth: Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton); O: Lepidoptera 2. Rusty red grain beetle: SN: Cryptolestes ferrugineous (Stephens); O: Coleoptera 3. Saw-toothed grain beetle: Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus); O: Coleoptera 4. Indian meal moth: Plodia interpunctella (Hubner); O: Lepidoptera 5. Lesser grain borer: Rhizopherta dominica Fabricius; O: Coleoptera 6. Granary weevil: Sitophilus granaries (Linnaeus); O: Coleoptera 7. Angoumois grain moth: Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier); O: Lepidoptera

Other stored pest of cereals

are species whose existence conflicts with people’s profit, convenience or welfare. Such organisms include principally certain insects, nematodes, bacteria, fungi, weeds, birds, rodents, or any terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life

● Pest

are those pests that are introduced from outside the locality

. Exotic pest

are those pests that are local in origin

. Endemic pest –

– are usually introduced (exotic pest) - are always present in the field every season at a very high population - are always causing economic damage: rice stemborers, corn borer, green leafhopper, diamondback moth, mango hopper, etc

Key or major pest

are usually endemic species that are always found in the field at a low population - they do not cause economic damage because their population are being controlled but many natural enemies - examples: rice whorl maggot, rice skipper

Potential or minor pest

are usually strong fliers that can migrate from one place to another - they came usually after a long drought - examples: armyworms and cutworms, locusts

Occasional pest

are found frequently in abundance or in great number examples: rice weevils, flour beetle

Major insect pest

– are usually encountered in small number

. Minor insect pest –

– refer to those insects attacking previously undamaged commodities and complete their development therein - they initiate succession of events in which the grain is gradually consumed by a variety of other insects, fungi, and bacteria. - Examples: rice weevils and bean weevils

Primary insect pest

are restricted to commodities that have already been particularly damaged, either mechanically (by grinding, milling, processing, or accidentally during handling) or by the action of primary pests. - typical examples of secondary pests are the flour beetle, sawtoothed grain beetle and rice moth

Secondary insect pest

(EIL) – is defined as the lowest number of insect pest that will cause economic damage

Economic Injury Level

occur when the value of damage is greater than the cost of controlling the pests.

Economic Damage

(ETL) – also called action threshold which indicate the number of insect pest (density or intensity) that should trigger management activity to prevent from reaching the EIL

Economic Threshold Level

occurs when the insect pest causes visible harm to the host organism. A. foliage feeders B. sap feeders C. stem borers/feeders D. root feeders E. stalk feeders F. fruit feeders

Direct damage

– transmit plant, animal and human diseases

Indirect damage

feeding on living plants I. leaf feeders – orthopterans, most larvae of Lepidoptera II. Leaf miners – Agromyzid flies III. Stem and root borers – Pyralid larvae and cerambycid larvae IV. Root feeders – root grubs, mole cricket V. Gall makers – gall wasps VI. Sap feeders – leafhoppers, planthoppers, bugs, aphids

Phytophagous insects

– feeding on dead organic matter I. General scavenger – cockroaches II. Dung feeders – scarabaeid beetles

Saprophagous

feeding on fungus I. Fungus feeder – mycetophagid beetles

Mycetophagous

feeding on living animals

Zoophagous (carnivorous)

lives on other animals I.1 Living on warm-blooded animal – sucking lice I.2 Living on other insects – Hymenopterous wasps of family ichneumonidae, braconidae, etc. I.3 Blood feeders – mosquitoes

Parasites

– prey on other insects – ladybird beetle, water striders

Predators

is defined as the process of determining the amount of spray solution delivered by a specific equipment.

Calibration

is the determination of the required amount of pesticide needed in a given area.

Pesticide calculations

Information needed to calculate spray volume in liters per hectare:

A. size of sprayer (liters) B. area of field (ha) C. number of sprayer load