Lesson 3 Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
The study of how body regulates itself to maintain a constant normal internal environment
A
Homeostasis
2
Q
Although external conditions change, internal condition stay within narrow range. T or F?
A
True
3
Q
The relative constancy of the body’s internal environment
A
Homeostasis
4
Q
Potential of Hydrogen
A
H+
5
Q
Name the two components which describe the chemical property of substances
A
Acidic and basic
6
Q
What’s acidic ?
A
A substances when added to water produces H+ ions
7
Q
What’s base
A
A substance when added to water produces OH- ions
8
Q
Mixing acids and bases can cancel out or neutralize their extreme effects. True or False
A
True
9
Q
Substance that is neither acidic nor basic is known as
A
Neutral
10
Q
What is the ph scale range?
A
0-14
11
Q
What is the pH of acid?
A
<7
12
Q
Ph of base
A
<7
13
Q
Neutral pH
A
7
14
Q
Ideal pH of body
A
7-8
15
Q
PH of blood
A
7.4 (alkaline)
16
Q
What’s pH balance ?
A
Amount of acidity = alkalinity around 7
17
Q
Acidic body is healthy and allows disease to not grow
A
False
18
Q
What are the 2 causes of acidic envt
A
- inflammation
- cancer and other degenerative diseases have affinity towards acidic envt
19
Q
Minerals in body that have electric charge
A
Electrolyte
20
Q
Where are electrolytes found?
A
- blood
- urine
-Body fluids
21
Q
Why right balance of electrolytes needed?
A
- Body’s blood chemistry
- muscle action
- other processes
22
Q
Level of electrolyte can be high/ low depending on
A
Amount of water
23
Q
Name the types of electrolytes.
A
- Sodium
- calcium
- potassium
- chlorine
- phosphate
- magnesium
Got from foods and fluids.
24
Q
Where is sodium mostly found?
A
Outside the cell- plasma
25
What is the significant part of water regulation?
Sodium
26
Sodium function
- Electrical signals in the body
- allows muscles to fire and the brain to work
27
Where is potassium found?
Inside the cells of the body.
28
How does muscle and brain function?
- Difference in the concentration from within cell compared to the plasma
- generate electrical impulses.
29
What is The function of calcitonin
- promotes bone growth
- decreases calcium levels in blood
- inhibits osteoclasts
30
What is the function of PTH?
Calcium level ⬆️
Activates osteoclasts
31
Function of magnesium
- Relaxation of smooth muscles (surround lungs)
- skeletal muscle contraction
- excitation of neurons
32
Which electron is the important cofactor of body's enzyme
Magnesium
33
Electron whose function is acid-base status of the body
HCO3
34
Lungs regulate ____ and kidneys regulate _____
Co2 and HCO3
35
Purpose, of inflammatory response
Restoration of health and maintaining homeostasis
36
restoration of health advantages
- Neutralize and eliminate offending agents
- destroy necrotic tissue
- prepare tissue for repair
37
Define inflammation
Tissue injury caused by
physical
chemical agent
pathogenic microorganisms
38
When a tissue is damaged now many steps occur?
Five
39
What are the inflammatory responses ?
1. Capillary widening
2. Increased capillary permeability
3. Attraction of WBC
4. Systemic response
5. Increased bf
6. Release of fluid
7. Migration of WBC to injury
8. Fever and proliferation of WBC
40
Causes of inflammation
1. Infectious microorganisms
2. Trauma , surgery
3. Caustic chemicals
4. Extremes of heat & cold
5. Ischemic damage to body tissues
41
Factors affecting inflammation
1. Blood supply
2. Bone marrow function
3. Protein synthesis
4.Medications
42
Factors involved in protective responses and bodily repair
1. Inflammatory rx
2.immune response
3. Tissue repair
4. Wound healing
43
Name the 2 types of inflammation
1.Chronic inflammation
2.Acute inflammation
44
____ changes may occur with inflammation
Vascular
45
Disease stage resulting from the entry and multiplication of pathogen in tissues of host causing body to manifest clinical signs and symptoms
Infection
46
Immunity is specific. T/F?
True
47
Inflammation is specific. T/f?
False. Inflammation is non-specific
48
Some thing that blocks or clogs preventing passage.
Obstruction
49
Physical injury caused by violent action externally or toxic substance internally is
Trauma
50
What is the external, internal cause of trauma
Internal- toxic substance
External - violent action
51
Define cancer.
- Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.
- invasion around surrounding tissue
- metasize to distantsites
52
Genetic makeup is known as
Genetics
53
Cancer is uncontrolled growth of normal cells. True/false?
False-cancer is uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.
54
Birth defect, present regardless or cause
Congenital condition
55
Deterioration and loss of functional ability
Degeneration
56
What is the effect of immobility in skin and cardiovascular
Skin - Pressure sore
CV- BF , BP ⬇️ -pulmonary embolism,thrombosis.
57
Effects of immobility on psychological and lungs.
Psych- depression poor sleep, behaviour changes
Lungs - Reid retention, atelectasis, pneumonia
58
Effects of immobility in GI and MSK
GI- Appetite , peristalsis , metabolic rate 🔽
MSK- atrophy,contracture, strength ; muscle mass ⬇️
59
Effect of immobility on GU
Urinary retention, UTI; renal calculi (kidney stone) ⬆️
60
Mild- severe inflammatory response to an irritant, systemic immune dis order
Allergic rx
61
How does the body work in response to inflammation.
1. Neutralize
2. Eliminate antigens
3. Destroy necrotic tissue
4. Prepare tissue for repair.
62
How many process are there in inflammatory response?
1. Local vasodilation
2 chemical mediators released
3. Phagocytosis
4. Exudate formation
5. Tissue repair aka tissue reparative process
63
What is local vasodilation?
Arterioles dilate
Bf ⬆️ affected area
Redness , warmth
64
What is the second process or inflammatory response?
Chemical mediators released.
65
What are the chemicals released by immune system known as
Inflammatory mediators
66
Name 2 hormones in inflammatory mediator.
I. Bradykinin
2. Histamine
67
What happens when blood vessels widen?
More blood gets into the affected tissue.
Chemical Signals enter extracellular fluid and causes capillaries to dilate & cap walls to be more permeable
68
Name the third process of inflammatory response.
Phagocytosis
69
What happens in phagocytosis
Neutrophils and monocytes ingest and destroy microorganisms
70
____ is fundamental for tissue homeostasis
Phagocytosis
71
_____ response occurs with minor injury
Immediate transient
72
_____ response occurs with more serious injury
Immediate sustained
73
Response which occurs 4-24 hrs after injury
Delayed hemodynamics
74
Delayed hemodynamic response involves _____
Capillary permeability
75
What are the fluid mechanism in response to inflammation?
1. Dilation of local arteries
2. Bf, pressure⬆️
4,vascular permeability ⬆️ protein leak
5. Viscosity of blood ⬆️
6.response of surrounding tissue to injury
7. Injury = cap perm ⬆️
76
What happens when a splinter enters your finger?
- bacteria and viruses gain access
- body initiate inflammatory response
77
What response is initiated when a splinter enters finger
Inflammatory response
78
When is inflammatory response released ?
When damaged or infected cells release chemical alarm signals
79
What happens after the inflammatory response?
- The signals increases blood v'essels to dilate
- more blood is forced into the infected area
- more fluid leak out from capillaries near injury
- this causes swelling redness.
80
What happens after fluid leak?
WBC attracted by chemical alarm signals
Move from blood to injured area - through leaky, swollen cap
WBC attack invading patho and consume dead/infected cells
Temp ⬆️ heat ⬆️ suppresses bacterial growth
81
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
I. redness
2.swelling
3 Heat
4 pain
5. Loss of function
82
Name 3 systemic manifestations of inflammation.
1. Alteration in WBC count (leukocytosis /leukopenia)
2. Sepsis (fever present)
3.septic shock -severe death
83
Acute inflammation is
Self-limited/ localized
84
Chronic inflammation is transient.t/f?
False. Long term
85
What are 3 features of acute responses?
-short duration
- infiltration of neutrophils
- exudate
86
What are the 3 features of chronic inflammation?
- Last for weeks months or years
- infiltration of mononuclear cells and lymphocytes
- proliferation of fibroblasts
87
Cellular stage of acute inflammation is
Movement of WBC (leukocytes) into area of injury
88
Cardinal symptoms of chronic inflammation is found in
- cv disease
- diabetes
- cancer
- neurological disorders
- chronic inflammatory disorders
-Bone and muscular and skeletal diseases
- metabolic complications
89
How many phases of tissue reparative process are there?
Three
90
Name the phases of tissue reparative process
1. Inflammatory
2. Proliferative
3. Remodeling
91
When the tissue is first injured, BV in damaged areas
Constrict = vasoconstriction ( to minimize blood flow)
92
Name the fissile which is the foundation of scar tissue development
Granulation tissue
93
Name the reparative phase which begins within 3 days of injury
Proliferative
94
What happens in Proliferative phase?
Building new tissues
Fibroblasts synthesize and secrete collagen = aid BV FORMATION
Fibroblasts+ vasc endo cells begin to proliferate = granulation tissue
95
Remodelling phase begins ___
Approx 3 weeks after injury
96
Remodelling lasts for ____ months depending on ____
3-6 months ; extend of wound
97
Remodelling is also known as
maturation phase
98
What happens in remodelling phase?
-ongoing collagen synthesis- increase tissue strength
-Tissue contracts with help of fibroblasts
-granulation tissue formation
-orientation of scar= tensile ⬆️
99
If healing is secondary intention ( wound left open)
Wound contraction takes place
100
What are the 2 outcomes of inflammatory response?
Resolution & repair
101
When is resolution outcome activated
Little damage
102
When is repair outcome activated
Moderate - severe damage
103
Name the 2 replacement
Regeneration - replacement of tissue
Scar formation - replacement with connective tissue
104
Immunity controls ____…
Inflammation
105
Inflammation allows _____ to happen
Immunity
106
Name the 6 types of infection
1. Bacterial
2. Fungal
3. Viral
4. Protozoan
5. Mycoplasma
6. Prion
107
What’s mycoplasma
Organism without cell wall
108
Name 2 obstructions of infection
1. Blockage in body
2. Maybe sudden or gradual
109
Name 3 obstructions
1. Airway
2. Intestinal
3. UT
110
What’s airway obstructions
Blockage of airway
Prevents passage of 02 and co2
111
What are causes of airway obstruction?
1. Inflammation of infection
2. Allergic rx
3. Injury
4. Foreign object
112
What is intestinal obstruction?
1. Blockage of gi tract
2. Prevent the passage of GI contents
113
What are the causes of obstruction in GI tract?
1. Hernia
2. Intussusception
3. Volvulus
4. Adhesions
5. Tumour
6. Fecal Impaction
114
Obstruction in urinary tract causes
- urine obstruction
- backward flow of fluid into kidneys ( hydronephrosis)- kidney enlarges kidney atrophy if left untreated. If one side = hypertrophy
115
What are the causes of urinary obstruction
-kidney stone
-Enlarged Prostate
116
What’s trauma
Physical damage caused by external source.
117
Give and example of traumatic brain injury
Concussion
118
2 types of chest trauma
- penetrating (fatal)
-blunt
Thoracic wall contusion, laceration, puncture of lungs
119
What’s spinal cord injury
Temp or permanent damage of body parts
120
C4 injury is known as
Quadriplegia/tetraplegia
121
C6 injury is
Partial paralysis of hands and arms
122
T6 injury is known as
Paraplegia below chest paralysis
123
L1 injury is
Paraplegia - paralysis below waist
124
Name 2 tumour
Benign
Malignant
125
What’s benign tumour
- cells grow locally
- no invasion / metastasis
126
What’s malignant cancer cells
Invade neighbouring tissues , BV
Metastasize to diff sites
127
What’s metastasis
-Movement of tumour cells to other parts of body
- most malignant cells metastasize
128
The unit of heredity which makes up DNA
Gene
129
What controls cellular reproduction and function
DNA
130
Give 2 examples of genetic condition
SCD
Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
131
Cleft palate is congenital disorder
True
132
Dementia is an example of ____
Degeneration
133
What’s SCD
Gene disorder
Prominent B/AA
Disc shape, block blood flow, Pain
Blood transfusion trmnt
134
Chromosomal disorder is known as
Trisomy 21
