Lesson 3 Flashcards
(323 cards)
1
Q
Card/o
Cardi/o
A
Heart
Receives blood from the veins and pumps blood into the arteries
2
Q
Angi/o
Vas/o
A
Blood or lymp vessels
Transport blood to and from all areas of the body
3
Q
Arteri/o
A
Arteries
Transport blood away from the heart to all parts of the body
4
Q
Capill/o
A
Capillaries
Permit the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and the cells
5
Q
Phleb/o
Ven/o
A
Veins
Return blood from all body parts to the heart
6
Q
Hem/o
Hemat/o
A
Blood
Brings oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away waste
7
Q
Aort/o
A
Aorta
8
Q
Ather/o
A
Plaque or fatty substance
9
Q
Brady-
A
Slow
10
Q
-crasia
A
A mixture or blending
11
Q
-emia
A
Blood or blood condition
12
Q
Erythr/o
A
Red
13
Q
Leuk/o
A
White
14
Q
Tachy-
A
Fast, rapid
15
Q
Thromb/o
A
Clot
16
Q
ACE inhibitor
A
Blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension. When this enzyme is blocked, the blood vessels are able to dilate (enlarge) and this reduces the blood pressure. These medications are used primarily to treat hypertension and heart failure
17
Q
Anemia
A
A lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood causing fatigue and shortness of breath. An- means without or less than, -emia means blood condition. The severity of this condition is usually measured by a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. When inadequate hemoglobin is present, all parts of the body receive less oxygen and have less energy than is needed to function properly
18
Q
Aneurysm
A
A localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery. Can be fatal. Aneury8are named for the artery involved such as aortic aneurysm, abdominal aneurysm, popliteal aneurysm
19
Q
Angina
A
A condition of episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardum
20
Q
Angioplasty
A
The technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel. Angi/o means blood vessel, -plasty means surgical repair
21
Q
Anticoagulant
A
Medication that Slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming. These medications are sometimes referred to as blood thinners, they do not actually make the blood thinner
22
Q
Aplastic anemia
A
A condition characterized by the absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow. A- means without, plast means growth, -ic means pertaining to
23
Q
Arrhythmia
A
The loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat. Can be minor, temporary or fatal. Are usually caused by an abnormality in the electrical conduction system of the heart
24
Q
Atherectomy
A
Surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior lining of an artery. Ather means plaque, -ectomy means surgical removal. Stent may be used after atherectomy
25
Atheroma
A deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall. A characteristic of atherosclerosis. Ather means plaque, -oma means tumor
26
Atherosclerosis
Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries. Ather/o means plaque or fatty substance, -sclerosis means abnormal hardening
27
Atrial fibrillation
When the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid, uncontrolled twitching of the muscular heart wall. This causes an irregular and quivering action of the atria. Some of the increased electrical impulses reach the ventricles, and this makes them contract more rapidly and less efficiently than normal, producing an irregular rate of 80-180 beats per minute or more. Also known as A-fib.. most common type if tachycardia.
28
Automated external defibrillator
Electronic equipment that automatically samples the heart's electrical rhythms and when necessary, externally shocks the heart to restore a normal cardiac rhythm. AED. Designed for use by nonprofessionals in emergency situations when defibrillation is required
29
Beta-blocker
A medication that reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat. They are commonly prescribed to lower blood pressure, relieve angina, or treat heart failure
30
Blood dyscrasia
Any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood. Dys- means bad, -crasia means a mixture or blending
31
Bradycardia
An abnormally slow resting heart rate. Brady- means slow, card means heart, -ia means abnormal condition. This term usually applied to a heartbeat rate of less than 60 beats per minute. This condition can occur when the passage of electricity from top to bottom of the heart is partially or totally blocked
32
Cardiac arrest
An event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively
33
Cardiac catheterization
A diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or an artery and is guided into the heart. It is used to perform angiography
34
Cardiomyopathy
The term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle. Cardi/o means heart, my/o means muscle, -pathy means disease
35
Carotid endarterectomy
Surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain. This procedure is performed to reduce the risk of a stroke caused by disruption of the blood flow to the brain
36
Cholesterol
A fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body. It aids in the production of cell membranes, some hormones, and Vitamin D. Some cholesterol comes from dietary sources, and some is created by the liver. Excessively high levels of certain types of cholesterol can lead to heart disease
37
Chronic venous insufficiency
A condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves. Also known as venous insufficiency. This condition primarily affects the feet and ankles, and the leakage of venous blood into the tissues causes discoloration of the skin
38
Coronary artery disease
Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces blood supply to the heart muscle
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Coronary thrombosis
Damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery. Coron means crown, -ary means pertaining to, thromb means clot, -osis means abnormal condition
40
Defibrillation
Also known as cardioversion. The use of electrical shock to restore the heart's normal rhythm
41
Diuretic
Medication administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water. These medications are administered to treat hypertension and heart failure by reducing the amount of fluid circulating in the blood
42
Electrocardiogram
EKG or ECG. A record of the electrical activity of the myocardium. Activities of the electrical conduction system of the heart can be visualized as wave movementselectr/o means electricity, cardi/o means heart, -gram means picture or record
43
Embolism
The sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus. Embol means something inserted, -ism means condition. Often named for the causative factor such as air embolism or fat embolism or it's location such as pulmonary embolism
44
Embolus
A foreign object, such as a blood clot, quantity of air or has, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circulating in the blood. Embol means something inserted, -us is singular noun ending. Plural emboli
45
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. Endo- means within, card means heart, -itis means inflammation
46
Erythrocytes
Mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow. Also known as red blood cells (RBCs). Erythr means red, -cytes means cells. Primary role is to transport oxygen to the tissues
47
Hemoglobin
The oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes. Hem/o means blood, -globin means protein
48
Hemolytic anemia
A condition of an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of these cells by the spleen. Hem/o means relating to blood, -lytic means to destroy. Can be inherited or acquired
49
Hemostasis
To stop or control bleeding. Hem/o means blood, -stasis means stopping or controlling. This can be accomplished by the formation of a blood clot by the body or through the external application of pressure to block the flow of blood
50
Leukemia
A type of cancer characterized by a progression increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood. Leuk means white, -embarrassing means blood condition. Types of leukemia are named based on how quickly they progress and the type of white blood cells involved
51
Leukocytes
White blood cells that are involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances. Also known as white blood cells (WBCs). Leuk/o means white, -cytes means cells
52
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood. Leuk/o means white, -penia means deficiency. Also known as low white blood cell count. Places the patient at an increased of risk of developing or having difficulty fighting infections
53
Megaloblastic anemia
A blood disorder characterized by anemia in which red blood cells are larger than normal. Megalo- means large, blast means immature, -ic means pertaining to. This condition usually results from a deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12
54
Myelodysplastic syndrome
A type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow. Some patients later develop acute myeloid leukemia
55
Myocardial infarction
Commonly known as heart attack. The occlusion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup. Damage to the myocardium impairs the heart's ability to pump blood throughout the body. Most frequently recognized symptoms include pain or pressure in the middle of the chest that may spread to the back, jaw, or left arm
56
Orthostatic hypotension
Also known as postural hypotension. Low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up
57
Pericardium
The double-walled membranes sac that encloses the heart. Peri- means surrounding, cardi means heart, -um means singular noun ending
58
Pernicious anemia
A form of anemia caused by a lack of the protein, intrinsic factor (IF) that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract, which is necessary for the formation of red blood cells
59
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein. Phleb means vein, -itis means inflammation. Also known as thrombophlebitis because the walls of the veins are often infiltrated and a clot (thrombus) formed. This condition usually occurs in a superficial vein
60
Raynaud's disease
A peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress. The symptoms, which are due to constricted circulation, include pallor (paleness), cyanosis (blue color), and redness of the fingers and toes
61
Sepsis
A potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream. Also known as septicemia. Sometimes referred to blood poisoning. Can result in damage to multiple organ systems as the chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughput the body
62
Sickle cell anemia
A genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape that interferes with normal blood flow
63
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid resting heart rate. Tachy- means rapid, card means heart, -ia means abnormal condition. This term usually applied to a heartbeat rate of greater than 100 beats per minute
64
Temporal arteritis
A form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms. Also known as giant cell arteritis. It is diagnosed when a biopsy shows the presence of abnormally large cells. Can cause unilateral or bilateral blindness, or more rarely a stroke
65
Thallium stress test
A diagnostic test performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercises by injecting thallium into the bloodstream. If it's not taken up equally by all heart muscle cells, it shows a decrease in blood flow to part of the heart
66
Thrombocytopenia
A condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood. Thromb/o means clot, cyt/o means cell, -penia means deficiency. Because these cells help the blood to clot, this condition is sometimes associated with abnormal bleeding
67
Thrombolytic
Also known as clot-busting drug. Medication that dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up. Thromb/o means clot, -lytic means to destroy
68
Thrombosis
The abnormal condition of having a thrombus. Thromb means clot, -osis means abnormal condition or disease. Plural thromboses
69
Thrombotic occlusion
The blocking of an artery by a thrombus.
70
Thrombus
A blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or an artery. Throm means clot, -us is singular noun ending. Plural thrombi
71
Transfusion reaction
A serious and potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient's blood and the donated blood do not match
72
Valvulitis
Inflammation of a heart valve. Valvul means valve, -itis means inflammation
73
Varicose veins
Abnormally swollen veins, usually occurring in the superficial veins of the legs. This condition occurs when the valves in these veins do not function properly, so blood pools in the veins, causing them to enlarge
74
Ventricular fibrillation
The rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles. Also known as V-fib. Instead of pumping strongly, the heart muscle quivers ineffective. This condition is the cause of many sudden cardiac deaths
75
Ventricular tachycardia
A very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles. Also known as V-tach. This condition is potentially fatal because the heart is beating so rapidly that it is unable to adequately pump blood through the body. This condition can be controlled with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
76
Cardiovascular
Means pertaining to the heart and blood vessels. Cradi/o means heart, vascul means blood vessels, -ar means pertaining to
77
Cardiovascular system
Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood. Work together to efficiently pump blood to all body tissues
78
Heart
Hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs. Small organ, about the size of a fist, is a very effective pump that furnishes the power to maintain the blood flow needed throughout the entire body
79
Apex
Lower tip of the heart
80
Membranous
Pertaining to membrane
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Membrane
A thin layer of pliable tissue that covers or encloses a body part
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Parietal pericardium
Fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart
83
Pericardial fluid
Found between these two layers (parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium) , where it acts as a lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats
84
Visceral pericardium
Inner layer of the pericardium that also forms the outer layer of the heart. When referred to as the outer layer of the heart, it is known as the epicardium
85
Three layers of the walls of the heart
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
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Epicardium
External layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium. Epi- means upon, cardi means heart, -um means singular noun ending
87
Myocardium
Middle and thickest of the heart's three layers. My/o means muscle, cardi means heart, -um means singular noun ending. Also known as myocardial muscle. This consists of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that is capable of the constant contraction and relaxation that creates the pumping movement necessary to maintain the flow of blood throughout the body. Must have a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients plus prompt waste removal to survive. If this blood supply is disrupted, affected area dies
88
Endocardium
Consists of epithelial tissue, is the inner lining of the heart. Endo- means within. Cardi means heart, -um means singular noun ending. This surface comes into direct contact with the blood as it is being pumped through the heart
89
Coronary arteries
Supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium
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Atria
Two upper chambers of the heart. Receiving chambers, and all blood enters the heart through these chambers
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Interatrial septum
Divides the atria chambers of the heart
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Septum
Wall that separates two chambers
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Ventricles
Two lower chambers of the heart. Pump blood throughout the entire body. Also defined as a normal hollow chamber of the brain
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Interventricular septum
A wall that divides the ventricles chambers of the heart
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4 valves of the heart
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Mitral valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Tricuspid valve
These valves control the flow of blood through the heart
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Tricuspid valve
Controls the opening between three right atrium and the right ventricle
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Triscupid
Means having three cups (points)
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Pulmonary semilunar valve
Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Pulmonary means pertaining to the lungs, semilunar means half-moon. Valve is shaped like a half-moon
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Mitral valve
Located between the left atrium and left ventricle. Also known as biscupid valve
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Mitral
Shaped like a bishop's mitre (hat)
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Biscupid
Having two cups (points)
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Aortic semilunar valve
Located between the left ventricle and the aorta. Aort means aorta, -ic means pertaining to, semilunar means half-moon
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Oxygenated
Means oxygen-rich or containing an adequate supply of oxygen.
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Deoxygenated
Oxygen poor or not yet containing an adequate supply of oxygen
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Right atrium
RA. Receives oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except the lungs, through the superior and inferior venae cavae. Blood flows out of the RA through the triscupid valve into the right ventricle
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Right ventricle
RV. Pumps the oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs
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Left atrium
LA. Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs, through the four pulmonary veins. The blood flows out of the LA, through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle
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Left ventricle
LV. Receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium. Blood flows out of the LV through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta, which carries it to all parts of the body except the lungs
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Pulmonary circulation
Flow of blood only between the heart and lungs.
Pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins
In the lungs, carbon dioxide from the body is exchanged for oxygen from the inhaled air
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Pulmonary arteries
Carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs. This is the only place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries instead of veins
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Pulmonary veins
Carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. This is the only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood
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Systemic circulation
Include the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs.
Oxygenated blood flows out of the LV and into arterial circulation.
The veins carry deoxygenated blood into the RA.
The blood flows into the pulmonary circulation before being pumped out of the heart into the arteries again
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Heartbeat
Ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body, the contraction and relaxation (beating) of the heart must occur in exactly the correct sequence
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Electrical impulses
Rate and regularity of the heartbeat from nerves that stimulate the myocardium of the chambers of the heart
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Conduction system
Also known as electrical impulses. Controlled by the sinoatrial (SA) node, and the bundle of His
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Sinoatrial node
SA node. Located in the posterior wall of the RA near the entrance of the superior vena cava. Electrical impulses from the SA node start each wave of muscle contraction in the heart. The impulse in the RA spreads over the muscles of both atria, causing them to contract simultaneously. This contraction forces blood into the ventricles
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Natural pacemaker
Basic rhythm and rate of the heartbeat established by the SA node
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Atrioventricular node
Also known as AV node. Impulses from the SA node travel to AV node. Located on the floor of the RA near the interatrial septum. From here, it transmits the electrical impulses onward to the bundle of His
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Bundle of His
HISS. Group of fibers located within the interventricular septum. These fibers carry an electrical impulse to ensure the sequence of the heart contractions. These electrical impulses travel onward to the right and left ventricles and the purkinje fibers
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Purkinje fibers
Specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles. Named for Jan Purkyne. These fibers relay the electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricles, and it is this stimulation that causes the ventricles to contract. This contraction of the ventricles forces blood out of the heart and into the aorta and pulmonary arteries
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Sinus rhythm
Refers to the normal beating of the heart for EKG
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P wave
Due to the stimulation (contractuon) of the atria for EKG
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QRS complex
Shows the stimulation (contraction) of the ventricles. The atria relax as the ventricles contract. EKG
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T wave
Recovery (relaxation) of the ventricles. EKG
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3 types of blood vessels
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Forms the arterial and venous circulatory systems
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Arteries
Large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body.
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Walls of the arteries
Have three layers. This structure makes the arteries muscular and elastic so that they can expand and contract with the pumping beat of the heart
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Endarterial
Means within an artery or pertaining to the inner portion of an artery
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Arterial blood
Bright red in color because it is oxygen rich. The pumping action of the heart causes blood to spurt out when an artery is cut
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Aorta
Largest blood vessel in the body. It begins from the ventricle of the heart and forms the main trunk of the arterial systems
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Carotid arteries
Major arteries that carry blood upward to the head
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Common carotid artery
Located on each side of the neck
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Internal carotid artery
Divided by common carotid artery which brings oxygen-rich blood to the brain
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External carotid artery
Brings blood to the face. Any disruption in this blood flow can result in a stroke or brain damage
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Arterioles
Smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries. As it enters one end of the capillary bed, it is here that the rate of flow of arterial blood slows
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Capillaries
Are only one epithelial cell in thickness, are the smallest blood vessels in the body. Form networks of expanded vascular beds that have the important role of delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the tissues. Further slow the flow of blood to allow plasma to flow into the tissues. It is here that the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials occur within the surrounding cells. After leaving the cells, 90% of this fluid, which is now oxygen-poor and contains some waste products, enter the opposite end of the capillary bed through the venues. The 10% of this fluid that left behind in the tissue becomes lymph
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Veins
Form a low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart. The walls of the veins are thinner and less elastic than arteries. Have valves that enable blood to flow only toward the heart and to prevent it from flowing away from the heart
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Venules
Smallest veins that join to form the larger veins. Ven means vein, -ules means small ones
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Venous blood
Continues its flow at an increased speed as it continues its return journey to the heart.
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Venous
Relating to, or contained in, the veins
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Superficial veins
Located near the body surface
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Deep veins
Located within the tissues and away from the body surface
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Venae cavae
Two largest veins in the body. Return blood into the heart. Singular, vena cava
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Superior vena cava
Transports blood from the upper portion of the body to the heart
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Inferior vena cava
Transports blood from the lower portion of the body to the heart
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Pulse
Rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart
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Blood pressure
Measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries
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Systolic pressure
Occurs when the ventricles contract, is the highest pressure against the walls of an artery. Systole means contraction of the heart, systolic means pertaining to the heart
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Diastolic pressure
Occurs when the ventricles are relaxed, is the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery. Distole means relaxation of the heart. Diastolic means pertaining to this relaxation phase
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Blood
Fluid tissue in the body. Composed of 55% liquid plasma and 45% formed elements
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Formed elements of blood
Include erythrocytes, thrombocyte, leukocytes
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Plasma
Straw-colored fluid that contain nutrients, hormones, and waste products. 91% water, 9% consists mainly of proteins, including the clotting proteins
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Serum
Plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed
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Fibrinogen
Prothrombin
Clotting proteins found in plasma. Have important role in clot formation to control bleeding
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Major groups of leukocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
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Neutrophils
Formed in red bone marrow, most common type of WBC. Through phagocytosis, neutrophils plays a major role in the immune system's defense against pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi
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Phagocytosis
Process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them
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Basophils
Formed in red blood marrow, least common type of WBC. Responsible for causing the symptoms of allergies
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Eosinophils
Formed in red blood marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body. These cells destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reaction
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Lymphocytes
Formed in red blood marrow, in lymph nodes, and in the spleen. Identify foreign substances and germs (bacteria or viruses) in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them.
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Monocytes
Formed in red blood marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. Through phagocytes, monocytes provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms
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Thrombocytes
Also known as platelets. Smallest formed elements of the blood. Play an important role in the clotting of blood. Thromb/o means clot, -cytes means cells. When a blood vessel is damaged, thrombocytes are activated and become sticky. This action causes the thrombocytes to clump together to form a clot to stop the bleeding
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Blood types
Classified according to the presence or absence of certain antigens. Traditionally blood type is listed as type followed by Rh factor (such as A- or O+)
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4 major blood types
A, AB, B, O
A, AB, B groups are based on the presence of the A and/or B antigens on the red blood cells. Type O blood is missing both A and B antigens
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Rh factor
Defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on the red blood cells. Named because this antigen is first found in rhesus monkeys. Important consideration in crossmatching blood for transfusions
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Rh positive
Rh+. 85% of Americans have this
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Rh negative
Rh-. 15% of Americans don't have Rh antigen
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Blood gases
Games that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood
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Major blood gases
Oxygen (O2)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Nitrogen (N2)
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Cardiologist
Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart. Cardi means heart, -ologist means specialist
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Hematologist
Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood-forming tissues. Hemat means blood, -ologist means specialist
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Vascular surgeon
Physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels
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Congenital heart defects
Structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth
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Congenital
Present at birth
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Coronary artery disease
CAD. Also known as coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle. This creates an insufficient supply of oxygen that can cause angina, myocardial infarction or death. Most common type of heart disease
176
Angina
Also known as angina pectoris, a condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium. These episodes are due to ischemia of the heart muscle and often progressively worsen as the blood flow continues to be compromised until a myocardial infarction occurs
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Myocardial infarction
Heart attack
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End-stage coronary artery disease
Characterized by unrelenting angina pain and a severely limited lifestyle
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Plaque
Found within the lumen of an artery, is a fatty deposit similar to the buildup of rust inside of a pipe. Can protrude outward into the lumen from the wall of the blood vessel or protrude inward into the wall of the vessel
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Lumen
Opening within these vessels through which the blood flows
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Ischemia
Condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body. Isch means to hold back, -emia means blood
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Cardiac ischemia
Lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle
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Stable angina
occurs during exertion (exercise) and resolves with rest
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Unstable angina
May occur either during exertion or rest and is a precursor to a myocardial infarction
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Occlusion
Total blockage
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Infarction
Sudden insufficiency of blood
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Infarct
Localized area of dead tissue caused by a lack of blood
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Heart failure
Also referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF). Occurs most commonly in the elderly, often after the heart has been weakened or damaged by other health issues. Heart is unable to pump out all of the blood that it receives. The decreased pumping action causes congestion
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Congestion
Fluid buildup
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Left-sided heart failure
Causes an accumulation of fluid in the lungs. Also known as pulmonary edema. Occurs because the left side of the heart, which is its main pumping chamber, is unable to efficiently pump oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. The increase in pressure in the veins of the lungs results in localized fluid accumulation
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Right-sided heart failure
Often the result of left-sided heart failure, causes fluid buildup throughout the rest of the body. This occurs because the right side of the heart is unable to efficiently pump blood throughout the rest of the body. Due to the pressure of gravity, this edema, or swelling, is first noticeable in the feet and legs. As this swelling worsens, it can affects the liver, gastrointestinal tract or the arms
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Cardiomegaly
Abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for its decreased pumping ability. Cardi/o means heart, -megaly means enlargement
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Carditis
Inflammation of the heart. Card means heart, -itis means inflammation
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Bacterial endocarditis
An inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. One cause of this condition is bleeding during dental surgery because it allows bacteria from the mouth to enter the bloodstream
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Pericarditis
An inflammation of the pericardium. Peri- means surrounding, card means heart, -itis means inflammation. This inflammation causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac, and this excess fluid restricts the movement of the heart, reducing the ability of the heart to pump blood throughout the body
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Myocarditis
Inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle) that develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infection. My/o means muscle, card means heart, -itis means inflammation
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Dilated cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and to pump less strongly. The progression of this condition is usually slow and only presents with symptoms when quite advanced
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Dilation
Expansion of a hollow structure
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Heart murmur
Abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neighboring large blood vessels. Most often caused by defective heart valves, but they do not usually require surgery unless they affect the patient's quality of life
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Valvular prolapse
Abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the ability of the valve to close completely. Valvul means valve, -ar means pertaining to. Ex. Mitral valve prolapse
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Prolapse
The failing or dropping down of an organ or internal part
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Valvular stenosis
A condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart. Ex. Aortic stenosis
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Stenosis
Abnormal narrowing of an opening
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Asystole
Known as flat line. A- means without, systole means contraction. Complete lack of electrical activity in the heart. The resulting lack of heart contractions, with no blood pumping from the heart and no blood flow through the body, is one of the conditions required for a medical practitioner to certify death
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Sudden cardiac death
Results when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes
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Heart block
Congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles
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BPM
Beats per minute
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Supraventricular tachycardia
SVT. Also known as paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. An episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originates at or above the atrioventricular (AV) node
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Fibrillation
Describes a potentially life-threatening fast and irregular heartbeat, compared to the fast but regular rhythm of tachycardia
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Palpitation
Pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm. This condition is associated with certain heart disorders
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Vasculitis
Inflammation of a blood vessel. Vascul means blood vessels, -itis means inflammation. Many types of vasculitis including phlebitis, angiitis, arteritis
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Polyarteritis
A form of vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time. Poly- means many, arter means artery, -iris means inflammation. This is rare but serious blood vessel disease that occurs when certain immune cells attack the affected arteries
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Angiostenosis
Abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel. Angi/o means vessel, -stenosis means abnormal narrowing
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Hemangioma
Benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels. Hem means blood, angi means blood or lymph vessel, -oma means tumor
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Hypoperfusion
A deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part
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Perfusion
Flow of blood through the vessels of an organ
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Arteriosclerosis
Also known as hardening of the arteries. Any of a group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Arteri/o means artery, -sclerosis means abnormal hardening
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Arteriostenosis
Abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries. Arteri/o means artery, -stenosis means abnormal hardening
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Thrombotic
Caused by a thrombus
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Occlusion
Blockage
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Deep vein thrombosis
Also known as deep venous thrombosis. A condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein. Danger is that the thrombus (clot) will break loose and travel to a lung where it can be fatal by causing a blockage
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Peripheral vascular disease
Disorders of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart and brain. These conditions usually involve narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to the legs, arms, stomach, or kidneys
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Peripheral arterial disease
Also known as peripheral arterial occlusive disease. An example of peripheral vascular disease that is caused by atherosclerosis. Common and serious problem affecting more than 20% of all patients over 70 years of age. Impaired circulation to the extremities and vital organs can cause changes in the skin color and temperature . PAD
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Ankle-brachial index
A method of determining the severity of PAD is to compare the blood pressure at the ankle with the blood pressure in the arm
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Hemochromatosis
Also known as iron overload disease, a genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron. Hem/o means blood, chromat means color, -osis means abnormal condition or disease. The excess iron that is absorbed enters the bloodstream and accumulate in organs, where it causes damages
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Polycythemia
Abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow
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Thrombocytosis
An abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood. Thromb/o means clot, cyt means cell, -osis means abnormal condition
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Hemorrhage
Loss of a large amount of blood in a short time. Hem/o means blood, -rrhage means bleeding
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Total cholesterol
Measured in terms of milligrams (mg) per deciliter (dL) of blood.
Desirable levels are 200 mg/dL.
Borderline high levels are 200-239 mg/dL.
High levels are 240 mg/dL and above
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Milligram
Equal to one-thousandth of a gram
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Deciliter
Equal to one-tenth of a liter
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Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
LDL. Referredto as bad cholesterol because excess quantities of LDL contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries.
Optimal levels are below 100 mg/dL.
Near optimal levels are 100-129 mg/dL.
Borderline high levels are 13-159 mg/dL.
High levels are 160-189 mg/dL.
Very high levels are 190 mg/dL and above
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High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
HDL. referredto as good cholesterol because it carries unneeded cholesterol back to the liver for processing and does not contribute to plaque buildup.
Low levels are below 40 mg/dL.
High levels are 60 mg/dL and above
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Triglycerides
Combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are also found normally in the blood in limited quantities.
Normal levels are below 150 mg/dL.
Borderline high levels are 150-199 mg/dL.
High levels are 200-499 mg/dL.
Very high levels are 500 mg/dL and more
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Hyperlipidemia
General term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood. Hyper- means excessive, lipid means fat, -emia means blood condition
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4 most common types of leukemia
Acute or chronic myeloid leukemia
Acute or chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
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Iron-deficiency anemia
Most common form of anemia. Iron, an essential component of hemoglobin, is normally obtained through food intake and by recycling iron from old red blood cells. Without sufficient iron to help create hemoglobin, blood cannot carry oxygen effectively. This deficiency can be caused by blood loss, poor absorption of iron, or inadequate dietary intake of iron
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Hemolytic
Pertaining to hemolysis, the breaking down of red blood cells.
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Two most common types of hemolytic anemia
Sickle cell anemia
Thalassemia
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Thalassemia
An inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal
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Hypertension
Commonly known as high blood pressure. Elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system.
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Essential hypertension
Also known as primary hypertension or idiopathic hypertension. Consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown cause
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Idiopathic
Disease of unknown cause
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Blood pressure classifications
Systolic (mm Hg) top number vs. Diastolic (mm Hg) bottom number
Normal blood pressure- less than 120 vs. Less than 80
Prehypertension - between 120-139 vs. Between 80-89
Stage 1 hypertension - between 140-159 vs between 90-99
Stage 2 hypertension - 160 or higher vs. 100 or higher
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Secondary hypertension
Caused by a different medical problem, such as a kidney disorder or a tumor on the adrenal glands
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Malignant hypertension
Characterized by very high blood pressure. This condition, which can be fatal, is usually accompanied by damage to the organs, the brain, and optic nerves, or failure of the heart and kidneys
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Orthostatic
Relating to an upright or standing position
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Hypotension
Lower-than-normal arterial blood pressure. Symptoms can include dizziness, light-headedness, or fainting
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Angiography
Radiographic (x-ray) study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium. Angi/o means blood vessel, -graphy means the process of recording
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Angiogram
Resulting film of angiography that is used to study blood flow in the arteries, veins, and blood vessels of the heart
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Digital subtraction angiograhy
DSA. Uses angiography with computer assistance to clarify the view of the area of interest in the cardiovascular system by "subtracting" the soft tissue and bones from the images
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Duplex ultrasound
A diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels. This is a combination of diagnostic ultrasound to show the structure of the blood vessels and copper ultrasound to show the movement of the red blood cells through these vessels
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Venography
Also known as phlebography. A radiographic test that provides an image of specific veins after a contrast dye is injected. Phleb/o means vein, -graphy means the process of recording
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Venogram
Resulting film of venography. Very accurate test for detecting deep vein thrombosis
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Electrocardiography
Non-invasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium. Electr/o means electricity, cardi/o means heart, -graphy means the process of recording a picture or record
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Non-invasive procedure
Does not require the insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening for diagnosis or treatment
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Holter monitor
Portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24- or 48- hour period
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Stress test
Performed to assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress. This involves monitoring with an electrocardiograph while the patient exercises on a treadmill, or is injected with a chemical to increase the patient's heart rate if he/she is unable to use a treadmill. The test can also be performed in conjunction with an electrocardiogram
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Compliance
The accuracy and consistency with which the patient follows the physician's instructions
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Antihypertensive
A medication administered to lower blood pressure
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Angiotensin II receptor blockers
ARBs. Similar to ACE inhibitor
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Calcium channel blocker agents
Cause the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures. This relaxation reduces the workload of the heart by increasing the supply of blood and oxygen. Some calcium channel blocking agents are used to treat hypertension or to relieve and control angina
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Coagulation
Process of clotting blood
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Antiarrhythmic
Medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat
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Coumadin
Brand name for warfarin, an anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger. This medication is often prescribed for patients with clotting difficulties, certain types of heartbeat irregularities, or after a heart attack or heart valve replacement surgery
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Heparin
Common anticoagulant. Works faster than coumadin, but must be administered by injection or in an IV solution
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Aspirin
Very small dose, 81 mg, commonly known as baby aspirin, may be recommended to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke by reducing the ability of the blood to clot
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Cholesterol-lowering drugs
Used to combat hyperlipidemia by reducing the undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood
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Digitalis
Available as the drug preparation digoxin, strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, Slows the heart rate, and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues. The drug, which contains extracts from the foxglove plant (digitalis) is used to treat and prevent certain types of arrhythmia, and others
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Thrombolytic therapy
Use of drugs to beak up a thrombus
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Tissue plasminogen activator
tPA. Thrombolytic that is administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke. If administered within a few hours after symptoms begin, this medication can dissolve the damaging clots
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Vasoconstrictor
Causes blood vessels to narrow. Ex. Antihistamines and decongestant
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Vasodilator
Causes blood vessels to expand.
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Nitroglycerin
Vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart. This increases the blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart. Can be administered sublingually (under the tongue), transdermally (through the skin) or orally as a spray
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Cardiopulmonary bypass
CPB. Also known as heart-lung machine. A device sometimes used to maintain the circulation of blood and oxygen to the body during surgery. Bypassing the heart allows surgeons the opportunity to operate on the heart without it beating
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Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PTCA. Also known as balloon angioplasty. Procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen
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Laser angioplasty
Involves a laser on the end if a catheter which uses beams of light to remove the plaque deposit. It can be used separately or in conjunction with PTCA
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Stent
Wire-mesh that is commonly placed after the artery has been opened. This provides support to the arterial wall, keeps the plaque from expanding again, and prevents restenosis
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Restenosis
Describes the condition when an artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again. Re- means again, -stenosis means narrowing
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Coronary artery bypass graft
CABG. Also known as bypass surgery. In this operation which requires opening the chest, a piece of vein from the leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and to improve the flow of blood to the heart
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Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass
Also known as keyhole bypass or a button hole bypass. Alternative technique. This procedure is performed with the aid of a fiber-optic camera through small openings between the ribs
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Defibrillator
Device that delivers electrical shock or defibrillation
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Artificial pacemaker
Used primarily as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation. This electronic device can be attached externally or implanted under the skin with connections leading into the heart to regulate the heartbeat
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Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
ICD. Double-action pacemaker. 1- constantly regulate the heartbeat to ensure that the heart does not beat too slowly. 2- if a dangerous disruption of the heart's rhythm occurs, it acts as an automatic defibrilkator
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Cardiac ablation
Also called catheter ablation. A procedure that uses radio-frequency energy (heat) or cryoablation (extreme cold) to scar or destroy the heart tissue triggering an abnormal heart rhythm
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Ablation
The removal or destruction of tissue, to treat prostate cancer
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Valvuloplasty
Surgical repair of a heart valve. Valvul/o means valve, -plasty means surgical repair
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Heart valve replacement
Surgery to replace one of the heart's four valves, usually the aortic or mitral valve. The defective valve is replaced with either a mechanical valve or one made up of animal or human tissue
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Transcatheter aortic valve replacement
TAVR. Relatively new, minimally invasive procedure in which the existing valve is left in place. A fully collapsible replacement valve is delivered to the valve site through a catheter, and after it is expanded within the defective valve, it takes over the function of the valve
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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CPR. Emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression
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Cardiopulmonary
Pertaining to the heart and lungs
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Compression-only resuscitation
Can be effective in keeping a patient suffering from cardiac arrest alive until professional responders arrive, although artificial respiration is still recommended for children, drowning victims, and drug overdoses
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Aneurysmectomy
Surgical removal of an aneurysm. Aneurysm means aneurysm, -ectomy means surgical removal
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Aneurysmorrhaphy
Also known as aneurysmoplasty. Surgical suturing of an aneurysm. Aneurysm means aneurysm, -rrhaphy means surgical suturing
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Aneurysm clipping
Surgical method to isolate an aneurysm from the rest of the circulatory system by placing a small clip across its neck. This titanium clip, which remains permanently in place, prevents blood from flowing into the aneurysm
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Arteriectomy
Surgical removal of part of an artery. Arteri means artery, -ectomy means surgical removal
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Plasmapheresis
Also known as plasma exchange, is the removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the bloodstream cellular elements. The red blood cells and platelets are suspended in saline or a plasma substitute and returned to the circulatory system. For blood donors, this makes more frequent donations possible. Patients with certain autoimmune disorders receive their own red blood cells and platelets back cleansed of antibodies
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A-fib
Atrial fibrillation
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AED
Automated external defibrillator
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ICD
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator
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CC
Cardiac catherization
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CVI
Chronic venous insufficiency
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CABG
Coronary artery bypass graft
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CAD
Coronary artery disease
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EKG
ECG
Electrocardiogram
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HTN
Hypertension
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MI
Myocardial infarction
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PAD
Peripheral artery disease
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PVD
Peripheral vascular disease
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TST
Thallium stress test
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tPA
Tissue plasminogen activator
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V-fib
Ventricular fibrillation
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Coron/o
Heart
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AAA
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
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AMI
Acute myocardial infarction
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CCU
Coronary care unit
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CHF
Congestive heart failure
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Echo
Echocardiogram
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HDL
High-density lipoprotein
Good cholesterol
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LDL
Low-density lipoprotein
Bad cholesterol
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MI
Myocardial infarction
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Plasma proteins
Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
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Hypercholesterolemia
High levels of cholesterol can increase a person's risk of coronary artery disease
