lesson 3

Question 1

are the basic, fundamental unit of life

Answer 1

Cells

Question 2

was the first Biologist who discovered cells

Answer 2

Robert Hooke

Question 3

observed cells under another compound microscope with higher magnification.

Answer 3

Later Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 4

a Scottish botanist, provided the very first insights into the cell structure

Answer 4

Robert Brown,

Question 5

Cell Theory was proposed by the German scientists,The cell theory states that:

1. All living species on Earth are composed of cells.
2. A cell is the basic unit of life.
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Answer 5

Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow.

Question 6

TYPE OF CELLS

Answer 6

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

Question 7

cells do not have a well-

defined nucleus and cell organelles. cells is the oldest cell types.

cells are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.

Bacteria is the example of the Prokaryotic cells.

Answer 7

PROKARYOTIC

Question 8

cell have nucleus with nuclear membrane and cell organelles.

The are organisms that have a nucleus in each cell.

• The nucleus of the cell contains DNA.

• cell have a cell membrane.

Answer 8

EUKARYOTIC

Question 9

cell are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.

cell have complex membrane bound organelles like mitochondrion, chloroplast, Golgi apparatus, etc.

Plants, animals, fungi possesses the cell.

Answer 9

EUKARYOTIC

Question 10

Cells reproduce by Cell Division. Cells that are dividing and are preparing to divide are said to be going through the process called

Answer 10

CELL CYCLE

Question 11

When a cell divide the nucleus divides first (karyokinesis) followed by the division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis).

Answer 11

THE CELL CYCLE

Question 12

A chromosome that has undergone a structural change, resulting in the separation of the chromosome

Answer 12

SPLIT CHROMOSOME

Question 13

structure found in the nucleus of cells that carries genetic information in the form of DNA.

Answer 13

CHROMOSOME

Question 14

Brain center of the cell.

Answer 14

NUCLEUS

Question 15

Jelly-filled structure that fills the….

Answer 15

CYTOPLASM

Question 16

5 STAGES OF CELL CYCLE

Answer 16

. G1 primary growth phase / pre-DNA phase

2. S - synthesis; DNA replicated 2. S- 362 secondary growth phase/pre-mitosis

these 3 are collectively called as INTERPHASE

4:M-Mitosis 5. C- Cytokinesis

Question 17

is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells, each with the potential to grow, develop, and carry out specific functions.. It is a fundamental process in biology that is essential for the growth, repair, and reproduction of living organisms.can occur through two main mechanisms: mitosis, which produces two identical daughter cells, and meiosis, which produces four genetically diverse daughter cells

Answer 17

CELL DIVISION

Question 18

INTERPHASE GISTAGE

Answer 18

1st GROWTH STAGE after cell division

• Cells mature by making more cytoplasm & organelles.

• Cell carries on its normal metabolic activities.

Question 19

INTERPHASE S STAGE

Answer 19

Synthesis Stage

DNA is copied.

Question 20

INTERPHASE G2 STAGE

Answer 20

2nd GROWTH STAGE

Sketch the Cell Cycle

DNA C

Occurs after DNA has been copied.

All cell structures needed for division are made.

Both organelles & proteins are synthesized.

Question 21

the process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This type of division is essential for growth and repair in multicellular organisms, as well as for asexual reproduction in some single- celled organisms.

Answer 21

MITOSIS

Question 22

process by which a single cell divides into four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

Meiosis is critical for sexual reproduction, as it allows for the production of gametes

Answer 22

meiosis

Question 23

is the process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This type of division is essential for growth and repair in multicellular organisms, as well as for asexual reproduction in some single-celled organisms

Answer 23

Mitosis

Question 24

a small organelle found in eukaryotic cells, which functions as a microtubule- organizing center

Answer 24

CENTROSOME

Question 25

are microtubules that separates the chromosomes into two daughter cells

Answer 25

SPINDLE FIBERS

Question 26

are cylindrical organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are involved in the organization of cell division.

Answer 26

CENTRIOLES

Question 27

the chromatin in the nucleus condenses into visible chromosomes, which become visible under a microscope. The centrosomes, which are responsible for organizing the spindle fibers, move to opposite poles of the cell.

Answer 27

MITOSIS: PROPHASE

Question 28

During metaphase, the chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell, called the metaphase plate. Metaphase Plate Centrosome The spindle fibers, which are attached to the centromeres of each chromosome, ensure that the chromosomes are properly aligned and can be separated correctly

Answer 28

MITOSIS: ΜΕΤΑPHASE

Question 29

During this stage, the sister chromatids of each replicated chromosome separate and are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers. This results in the formation of two identical sets of chromosomes at opposite poles of the cell.

Answer 29

MITOSIS: ANAPHASE

Question 30

During telophase, the chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell, and the nuclear envelope begins to reform around each set of chromosomes. The chromosomes begin to uncoil and return to their normal, diffuse form. The spindle fibers disassemble, and the cell begins to prepare for cytokinesis.

Answer 30

MITOSIS: TELOPHASE

Question 31

Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm Cytokinesis is the process by which the cell divides into two daughter cells. In animal cells, a contractile ring of actin and myosin filaments forms around the cell, contracting and pinching the cell membrane until the cell is divided into two separate cells. In plant cells, a structure called the cell plate forms along the equator of the cell, eventually dividing the cell into two separate daughter cells.

Answer 31

MITOSIS: CYTOKINESIS