Lesson 3 & 4

Question 1

Can we survive longer without water or without other nutrients

Answer 1

Without other nutrients

Question 2

what are the body fluid compartments for a 73kg man with 40L of total body H2O?

Answer 2

Intracellular volume - 24L = 60%
Extracellular volume - 16L = 40%

Question 3

What’s the percentage of plasma volume for a 73kg man with 40L of total body H2O?

Answer 3

3.2L - 8%

Question 4

What’s the percentage of interstitial volume for a 73kg man with 40L of total body H2O?

Answer 4

11.2L - 28%

Question 5

What’s the percentage of transcellular volume for a 73kg man with 40L of total body H2O?

Answer 5

4%

Question 6

Are tears part of transcellular volume?

Answer 6

Yes, because they cross from one compartment to the next

Question 7

True or False: bile is part of transcellular volume

Answer 7

Yes, because it crosses from gallbladder to go into SI

Question 8

Name the compartments of the digestive system

Answer 8

Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine

Question 9

Name the digestive systems accessory organs

Answer 9

Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

Question 10

What enzymes are released in the mouth, name the 3 salivary glands that reside in the mouth

Answer 10

Amylase and lingual lipase are released in mouth

Glands = Parotid, sublingual, submadibular

Question 11

True or False: the breaking down of food in the mouth along with saliva makes paste like substance called chyme

Answer 11

False - it’s called a bolus

Question 12

How long is the esophagus on average?

Answer 12

25cm

Question 13

what are the 3 layers of muscle in the stomach

Answer 13

longitudinal, circular and oblique

Question 14

are oxyntic glands in the stomach? What do they produce?

Answer 14

Yes they are in stomach - they produce HCl

Question 15

Are the enzymes in the mouth active in the stomach as well? Why or why not?

Answer 15

No they are not active in stomach because HCl (has very low pH) in stomach inactivates them because enzymes in mouth work at a little higher pH

Question 16

What does gastric juice contain?

Answer 16

HCl and pepsin

Question 17

What hormone stimulates release of gastric juice

Answer 17

Gastrin

Question 18

Is mucus highly acidic or basic?

Answer 18

Basic, it protects stomach from highly acidic environment

Question 19

True or false: mucus is a glycoprotein

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Describe distensibility of stomach

Answer 20

Distensibility refers to the stomach kinda falling into itself - when its empty it falls into its shape or wont hold its shape like it does when its full

Question 21

What are peristaltic waves

Answer 21

Waves of contraction

Question 22

What 3 signals need to happen for secretion of HCl

Answer 22

ACh
Histamine
Gastrin

Question 23

True or false: the distensibility of stomach allows it to hold a maximum of 2L

Answer 23

False - allows it to hold a maximum of 4L

Question 24

How much chyme is pumped into duodenum with each peristaltic wave

Answer 24

1-3mL

Question 25

What nerve stimulates acid secretion in stomach

Answer 25

Vagus nerve

Question 26

What hormone(s) does enteroendocrine cells release in stomach

Answer 26

Histamine and gastrin

Question 27

true or false: histamine acts in a endocrine manner on nearby cells

Answer 27

False - histamine acts in paracrine manner

Question 28

What cell makes up the gastric pits of pyloric region

Answer 28

Enteroendocrine cells

Question 29

What does gastrin stimulate

Answer 29

Oxyntic cells - stimulates acid secretion

Question 30

What does gastric acids reduce that is important for non-heme iron

Answer 30

Reduces ferric to ferrous salts - help with absorption of non-heme iron since it is more soluble allowing the non-heme iron to be absorbed

Question 31

What binds to vitamin B12 and what does it do

Answer 31

Intrinsic factor will bind to vitamin B12 to protect it and allow it to go through digestive system to be absorbed without being destroyed

Question 32

What produces intrinsic factor

Answer 32

Oxyntic cells

Question 33

Name the phases of gastric secretion

Answer 33

Cephalic Gastric Intestinal

Question 34

Describe cephalic phase of gastric secretion

Answer 34

Triggered by smell, taste or thought of food, primes gut for food before receiving it 30% of acid secretion

Question 35

Describe gastric phase of gastric secretion

Answer 35

Triggered by stomach distension and by amino acids and peptides activating chemoreceptors 60% of acid secretion

Question 36

Describe intestinal phase of gastric secretion

Answer 36

Triggered by distension of SI and presence of proteins and products of protein digestion 10% of acid secretion

Question 37

Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur

Answer 37

Small Intestine

Question 38

What mixes with chyme that comes from stomach

Answer 38

Pancreatic juice

Question 39

What produces mucus in small intestine and what does it do

Answer 39

Goblet cells produce mucous and protects the SI from acidic chyme

Question 40

True or false: 90% of ingested carbohydrates, fats and proteins are absorbed in SI

Answer 40

True

Question 41

What is the function of the pancreas

Answer 41

Produces pancreatic juice and makes insulin

Question 42

What is pancreatic juice made of

Answer 42

Lipase, protease and amylase

Question 43

What is the function of the liver

Answer 43

Produces bile and filters everything that comes into body

Question 44

What is the function of the gallbladder

Answer 44

Concentrates bile, stores bile and releases it

Question 45

What does bile do

Answer 45

Bile emulsifies fat

Question 46

Name 2 bile acids

Answer 46

Chenodeoxycholic and cholic acid

Question 47

What do bile acids bind with

Answer 47

Glycine or taurine

Question 48

True or False: the fungus has pyloric sphincter

Answer 48

False - antrum has pyloric sphincter, the sphincter controls the flow of food from the stomach to SI

Question 49

Epithelial cells in the crypts of Lieberkhun is also known as

Answer 49

Enterocytes