LESSON 3: STONE AS BUILDING MATERIALS

Question 1

this was considered as the most durable materials

Answer 1

stone

Question 2

it is often used in areas where stone is scarced

Answer 2

earth

Question 3

placing stone, clay bricks or adobe units on top of each other, laid dry and bonded with lime mortar creates?

Answer 3

masonry

Question 4

possibly the first, but also one of the most used, durable and efficient construction techniques of all times

Answer 4

masonry

Question 5

this can be built with a single material, or a mixture of materials, with several layers of different constitution of elements of different sizes

Answer 5

masonry

Question 6

despite the simplicity of this manufacture process, masonry can be considered as

Answer 6

most resistant construction technique in the past

Question 7

masonry elements were aimed at

Answer 7

• enclosing space (providing shelter from sight, wind, rain and temperature)
• bearing loads (from floors and roof systems nut also masonry elements themselves)

Question 8

strength of masonry depends on mostly the

Answer 8

strength of units

Question 9

historical masonries may have the following characteristics:

Answer 9

• adobe
• clay bricks
• stone blocks with mortar to bind units togtether
• dry joint (no mortar)

Question 10

strongest, most used and most durable materials of the past, usually preferred by for structures of greatest importance

Answer 10

stones

Question 11

given the larger strength, ___ is also the one that better survived along the history

Answer 11

stone masonry

Question 12

the durability of their earlier earthen rudimentary buildings, the simplicity and quick availability of materials made earthen construction technologies, which was adopted mainly were stone were not available

Answer 12

earth and brick

Question 13

first shelter using earth were probably made of bush and small wooden members covered with mud for waterproofing

Answer 13

true 😂

Question 14

earth can be used in construction purposes if it has inherently good cohesion, provided by thw prescence of ____, which acts as natural binder

Answer 14

clay

Question 15

belongs to geologic group of sedimentary rocks

Answer 15

clay

Question 16

created by accumulation of sediments along thousands of years

Answer 16

(clay) sedimentary rocks

Question 17

clay can be found in

Answer 17

• clay pits mostly close to riverbed, lakes and valleys

Question 18

being composed of soil and water, the drying process is necessary for earth materials to get strong

Answer 18

true 😂

Question 19

building methods (varied according to locations and cultures)

Answer 19

• direct digging
• straw clay
• wattle and daub
• direct shaping

Question 20

the first habitation were built directly in ground by digging out layer

Answer 20

direct digging

Question 21

clay(ey)? soil was added to straw (the clay binds the straw together), and it was used to build several building components (bricks, blocks, panels)

Answer 21

straw clay

Question 22

a bearing wooden structure was filled with clay earth mixed with straw to prevent shrinkage

Answer 22

wattle and daub

Question 23

an ancient technique that made use of a very plastic earth to model forms directly without using any kind of mold or frame

Answer 23

direct shaping

Question 24

what bind these together?

Answer 24

mortar

Question 25

workable paste used to bind stone or brick units together and build masonry elements

Answer 25

mortar

Question 26

eliminating the effect of irregularities in the units, MORTAR facilitates their stacking and prevents the concentration of stresses

Answer 26

true 😂

Question 27

it is a material used in masonry construction to fill the gaps between the bricks and stone blocks.

Answer 27

mortar

Question 28

mortar is a mixture of

Answer 28

• sand • binder such as cement or lime • water

Question 29

mortar is applied as a

Answer 29

paste, which then sets hard 😂

Question 30

ancient mortars

Answer 30

• clay and mud • gypsum mortar • polymer cement mortar

Question 31

first mortars were made of __ and __, as demonstrated in 10th millenia BCE buildings of Jericho, and 8th millenia in Ganj Dareh

Answer 31

clay and mud

Question 32

these didnt perform well in the prescence of water or high humidity

Answer 32

• clay and mud

Question 33

earliest known mortar was used by ancient egyptians and was made of

Answer 33

gypsum (gypsum mortar)

Question 34

this forms was essentially a mixture of plaster and sand and was quite soft

Answer 34

• gypsum mortar

Question 35

gypsum mortar is also known as

Answer 35

plaster of paris

Question 36

are the materials which are made by partially replacing the cement hydrate binders of conventional cement with polymers

Answer 36

polymer cement mortar

Question 37

polymeric admixtures include

Answer 37

• latexes or emulsions • liquid thermoset resins • monomers

Question 38

has low permeability that may be detrimental to moisture accumulation when used to repair a traditional brick, block or stone wall

Answer 38

polymer mortar

Question 39

it is mainly used for repairing concrete structures

Answer 39

polymer mortar

Question 40

stronly influence concrete’s freshly mixed and hardened properties, mixture proportion, and economy

Answer 40

aggregates

Question 41

characteristics of aggregates

Answer 41

• grading • durability • particle shape and surface texture • abrasion and skid resistance • unit weights and voids • absorption and surface moisture

Question 42

it would be problematic to use PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR to repair older buildings originally constructed using lime mortar

Answer 42

true 😂

Question 43

it is softer than cement mortar, allowing brickwork a certain degree of flexibility to adapt to shifting grounds

Answer 43

lime mortar

Question 44

harder and allows little flexibility.

Answer 44

cement mortar

Question 45

the contrast can cause brickwork to crack where the two mortars ( cement and lime) are present in a single wall

Answer 45

true 😂

Question 46

considered breathable in that it will allow moisture to freely move through and evaporate from surface of old buildings

Answer 46

lime mortar

Question 47

allows this moisture to escape through evaporation and keeps the wall dry

Answer 47

lime mortar

Question 48

__ and __ an old wall with cement mortar stops the evaporation and can cause problems associated with moisture behind cement

Answer 48

• re-pointing or rendering