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Microbioloy > Lesson 3 the cell > Flashcards

Lesson 3 the cell Flashcards

1
Q

What is the spontaneous generation theory

A

life arose from non-living matter

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2
Q

who proposed spontaneous generation

A

aristotle

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3
Q

Who did the first experiment to disprove spontaneous generation

A

Francesco Redi

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4
Q

what did Redi use to disprove spontaneous generation

A

rotting meat and maggots

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5
Q

What is the theory of biogenesis

A

life arises from life

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6
Q

What theory did jan Baptista Van Helmont support

A

spontaneous generation

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7
Q

what theory did John need ham support

A

spontaneous generation

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8
Q

what theory did Lazaro spallanzani support

A

biogenesis

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9
Q

what theory did Louis Pasteur support

A

biogenesis

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10
Q

what theory did Francesco redi support

A

biogenesis

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11
Q

What probably went wrong with need hams exeriment

A

he probably didn’t boil the broth long enough to kill microbes

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12
Q

Who disagreed with needhams experiment

A

lazzaro spallanzani

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13
Q

how were Pasteurs broth experiments better than spallanzani and needham

A

his flasks had swan necks that prevented airborne microorganisms from getting to broth. non-airborne microbes would have access to the broth.

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14
Q

who had the last say in disproving spontaneous generation

A

pasteur

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15
Q

Who originally observed plant cells

A

German botanist Matthias schleiden

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16
Q

who noticed cells in plant tissue

A

Theodor Schwann a German physiologist

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17
Q

what did the conversation between Schwann and schlseiden lay the foundation for

A

the idea that cells are the fundamental components of plants and animals

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18
Q

what evidence did Robert remake publish

A

that cells come from other cells as a result of cell division

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19
Q

what concept did Rudolf Virchow popularize

A

all cells arise from cells

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20
Q

who is known as the father of pathology

A

Rudolf Virchow

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21
Q

what did Robert brown describe

A

observations of nuclei in plant cells

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22
Q

What did Andreas scrimper decribe

A

chloroplasts of plant cells, identifying their role in starch formation during photosyntheses and that they divide independent of the nucleus

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23
Q

What did konstantin mereschkowski suggest

A

chloroplasts may have originated from ancestral phopsynthetic bacteria living semiotically inside eukaryotic cll

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24
Q

what did Ivan Wallin examine

A

similarities between mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacteria

(tested endosymbiotic theory)

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25
what did Wallin and mereschkowski co-author
mitochondria could be cultured outside of eukaryotic host cells
26
What is endosymbiotic theory
mitochondria and chloroplast arose as a result of prokaryotic cells establishing a symbiotic relationship within a eukaryotic host and is a driving factor in evolution of organisms
27
what does germ theory of disease state
diseases may result from microbial infection
28
what was the Ancient Greek miasma theory
disease originated from particles emanating from decomposing matter such as sewage or cesspits and infected humans in close proximity
29
what did Ignaz Semmelweis notice
when medical students assisted with delivering babies there was a higher number of mother that got an infection and died compared to those who were delivered by a midwife
30
what caused the death of mothers by medical students
students were conducting autopsies then assisting with deliveries Semmelweis proposed washing hands and it decreased infections
31
who insisted on had washing before surgery and began using disinfectants and antiseptics
Joseph lister
32
What did John snow demonstrate
that cholera bacteria were transmitted via drinking water
33
what was the foundation for germ theory
that Pasteur proving that food spoilage and fermentation were caused by microbes they could cause infection too
34
What must an organism have to be considered living
1 cell
35
What fundamental components do all cells possess
cytoplasm 1 or more chromosomes ribosomes
36
Where is cytoplasm contained
within a plasma membrane
37
what is cytoplasm
a gel like substance composed of water and dissolved chemicals needed for growth
38
what are ribosomes
organelles used for the production of proteins
39
describe how prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic
prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus surrounded by a complex nuclear membrane and generally have a single circular chromosome in a nucleoid
40
describe how a eukaryotic cell differs from a prokaryotic cell
has a nucleus surrounded by a complex nuclear membrane that contains multiple rod shaped chromosomes
41
what type of cells are plant and animal cells
eukaryotic
42
what domains are prokaryotic cells classified within
archaea and bacteria
43
what domain are eukaryotic organisms classified as
eukarya
44
are prokaryotes or eukaryotes bigger
Eukaryotic cells are bigger with some exceptions
45
what is the plasma membrane made of
phospholipids and forms a bilayer
46
why does a bilayer form
because one portion of the phospholipid is hydrophilic and the other is hydrophobic
47
what portion of the bilayer does the hydrophobic portion face
inner portion of the bilayer
48
what does the fluid mosaic model refer to
the fact that phospholipid bilayer is not a rigid structure and is made of different components
49
what can the proteins of the plasma membrane serve as
identification tags, work as enzymes or assist with moving molecules
50
What does semipermeable mean
it allows certain things to go in or out of the cell
51
where is the one main chromosome in a prokaryotic cell
nucleoid
52
What do ribosomes do
synthesize proteins
53
what do proteins do for a cell
give it structure, allow for movement and run all the activities of the cell.
54
What are prokaryotic ribosomes composed of
the 30S small subunit and the 50s large subunit
55
add a card about Girolamo
56
what are the subunits of prokaryotic ribosomes composed of
protein and rRNA
57
What do bacteria rely on for energy storage
inclusions for temporary storage of molecules
58
what do inclusions store
organic molecules such as carbs but some store elements used for buoyancy and motility
59
what do volition (metachromatic) granules do
store phosphate to be used for metabolic activities
60
What do carboxysome inclusions do
store molecules for carbon metabolism
61
What do gas vacuoles do
give organisms buoyancy
62
What is concentration gradient
refers to the number of molecules on one side of the membrane compared to the other
63
where do molecules naturally want to flow to
from the area of high concentration to the area of low concentration
64
what is passive diffusion
moves through the membrane without requiring energy
65
what does rage of diffusion depend on
the difference between high and low concentration size and property of the molecule
66
What is facilitated diffusion
when a molecule is too large to move through membrane and needs a protein to act as a doorway and is still going down concentration gradient
67
What is active transport
when energy is required to move a molecule across a membrane against the concentration gradient
68
example of ions that use active transport
sodium and potassium and chloride being needed in the cell
69
what is osmosis
passivement of water across a membrane
70
what determines if water crosses the membrane
the dissolved solutes determine the concentration of water
71
what is the relationship with solutes and water
the more solutes the lower the concentration of water
72
what is hypotonic
a solution that has a lower solute concentration than another
73
what direction will water move
from an area of few solutes to more solutes
74
what is isotonic
solution with the same concentration as another
75
what is hypertonic
a solution with higher solutes than another
76
what does a cell wall do
surrounds the membrane and gives added support and structure and prevent osmotic lysis of a cell
77
What is morphology
shape of a cell
78
what shape is coccus
round
79
what shape is bacillus
rod
80
What shape is vibrio
curved rod
81
what shape is coccobacillus
short rod
82
what shape is spirillum
spiral
83
what shape is spirochete
long, loose, helical spiral
84
What is diplococcus
pair of two cocci
85
what is a tetrad
grouping of four cells arranged in a square
86
what is streptococcus
chain of cocci
87
what is staphylococcus
cluster of cocci
88
why is bacillus
single rod
89
What is diplobacillus
pair of rods
90
what is streptobacillus
chain of rods
91
what is palisade
V or L shaped formations of rods
92
What happens to a cell without a cell wall in a hypertonic environment
it can be come dehydrated causing crenation or shriveling
93
what happens to cell that possess a cell wall in a hypertonic environment
plasmolysis
94
what happens in plasmolysis
the membrane contracts and detaches from the wall decreasing interior volume keeping the wall in tact
95
What do nucleic associated proteins do
assist in the organization and packaging of the chromosome in prokaryotic cells
96
what does prokaryotic DNA interact with
nucleic associated proteins
97
What are plasmids
small circular double stranded DNA
98
what is extrachromosomal DNA
DNA that is not part of the chromosome found in plasmids
99
why are plasmids important to the survival of an organism
they carry genes that confer advantageous traits such as ABX resistance
100
what size ribosomes are in prokaryotes
80S
101
how are ribosomes different between eukaryotic cells and archaeal cells
they are the same size but they have different proteins and rRNA molecules, Archea versions are more similar to eukaryotic cells
102
where are prokaryotic ribosomes found
cytoplasm
103
what are prokaryotic ribosomes called
70S
104
what do eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosome size
80S
105
what is the benefit of cells storing nutrients as polymerized form
it reduces the buildup of osmotic pressure that occurs as a cell accumulates solutes
106
what do volition store
polymerized inorganic phosphate that can be used in metabolism and assist in the formation of biofilms
107
what microbes contain volition granules
archaea methanosarcina, bacterium corynebacterium diphtheria and unicellular eukaryotic alga chlamydomonas
108
what are polyhydroxybutyrate
A phospholipid monolayer embedded with protein that can surround certain inclusions
109
what has polyhydroxybutyrate been used as industrially
a source of biodegradable polymers for bioplastics
110

Microbioloy (10 decks)

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