Lesson 4

Question 1

Catabolic

Answer 1

release energy

Question 2

Anabolic

Answer 2

requires energy

Question 3

Catabolism

Answer 3

breakdown of complex compounds into simpler ones

Question 4

Anabolism

Answer 4

building of complex molecules from simpler ones

Question 5

Exerogenic vs. Endergonic

Answer 5

Exerogenic: produces more energy than consumes

Endergonic: consumes more energy than produces

Question 6

Catabolic reaction result in?

Answer 6

Exerogenic, produces more energy than consumes.

Question 7

What is the function of Catabolic reactions?

Answer 7

provide building blocks for Anabolic reactions and furnish energy needed to drive Anabolic reactions

Question 8

Where does ATP come from?

Answer 8

Energy from Catabolic reactions is used to synthesize ATP.

Question 9

What is the main functions of enzymes?

Answer 9

Speed up biochemical reactions at temperatures that are compatible with normal function of the cell.

Lowers activation energy

Question 10

protein portion of enzyme, inactive

Answer 10

Apoenzyme

Question 11

non-protein portion of enzyme, activator

Answer 11

Coenzyme or Cofactor

Question 12

How do the Apoenzyme and Coenzyme assist the enzyme?

Answer 12

act as electron carrier, donate atoms required by the substrate and accept atoms removed from substrate

Question 13

Holoenzyme

Answer 13

whole enzyme, active

Question 14

Explain how enzymes work.

Answer 14

Contact active site, temporary intermediate compound formed, substrate transformed by rearrangement/breakdown, transformed substrate released from enzyme (no longer fit), unchanged enzyme free to react

Question 15

How does temperature affect enzymes?

Answer 15

rise in temp. will increase rate of reaction; denaturation

Question 16

Explain the effects of denaturation on a enzyme due to temperature.

Answer 16

Denaturation causes changes in protein structure, alters active site and enzymes lose it catalytic ability.

Question 17

How does pH effect enzymes?

Answer 17

Change in H+ concentration (pH) causes change in proteins 3-D structure.

Question 18

How does change is substrate concentration affect enzyme?

Answer 18

at extremely high substrate concentration, reach maximum rate of reactions.

Question 19

How do inhibitors affect enzymes?

Answer 19

stop enzyme from performing chemical reactions

Question 20

Competitive Inhibitors vs, Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Answer 20

Competitive Inhibitors: compete with normal substrate for active site

Noncompetitive Inhibitors: binds with allosteric site, changes shape, becomes non-functional

Question 21

Feedback Inhibition regulates cells production of?

Answer 21

amino acids and vitamins

Question 22

What is feedback inhibition? How does it stop a cell from wasting chemical resources?

Answer 22

Feedback Inhibition is when the product of a reaction becomes an inhibitor of that same reaction. When enough of that product is made, the inhibitors are greater than the substrate which stops the reactions from happening. This results in the cell not making too much of a product.

Question 23

What is oxidation-reduction reaction?

Answer 23

reaction involving gaining and losing of electrons

Question 24

Why do cells use oxidation reduction reaction?

Answer 24

to extract energy from nutrient molecules

Question 25

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Answer 25

high energy phosphate is transferred from phosphorylated compound to ADP

Question 26

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 26

electrons are passed through series of electron carriers to molecules of oxygen (or other oxidized organic/inorganic molecule)

Question 27

Photophosphorylation

Answer 27

organic molecules are synthesized with the energy of light from C02 and H20

Question 28

What happens in Glycolysis?

Answer 28

preparatory stage: six carbon glucose phosphoylated and split into two, three carbon compound energy conserving stage: in several steps, two, three carbon compound oxidized into two molecules of pyruvic acid performed by aerobic and aerobic organisms (oxygen not required) Net gain 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Question 29

What happens Krebs Cycle?

Answer 29

pyruvic acid loses C02 (decarboxylation), Acetyl group attaches to Coenzyme A, oxidation-reduction 2 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH

Question 30

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 30

NADH & FADH2 contribute electrons they carried from substrates to a cascade of oxidation-reduction reactions, through chemiosomotic process generate ATP

Question 31

What are phototrophs?

Answer 31

use light as primary energy source

Question 32

What are chemotrophs?

Answer 32

depend on oxidation-reduction reactions of inorganic/organic compounds for energy

Question 33

What are heterotrophs?

Answer 33

feed on others, require organic source

Question 34

What are autotrophs?

Answer 34

self feeders, use carbon dioxide

Question 35

What is the energy and carbon source for Photoautotrophs? Name three.

Answer 35

light (energy), carbon dioxide (carbon) Green Plants Algae Photosynthetic Bacteria (green, blue, cyanobacteria)

Question 36

What is the energy and carbon source for Photoheterotophs? Include examples of some.

Answer 36

use light (energy), organic compounds (carbon) Green non-sulfur bacteria, Purple non-sulfur bacteria

Question 37

What is the energy and carbon source for Chemoautotrophs? Include three.

Answer 37

oxidation-reduction reactions (energy), electrons (energy) self feeder Sulfur, Ammonia, Nitrate ions

Question 38

What is the energy and carbon source for Chemoheterotrophs? Include two.

Answer 38

oxidation-reduction for breakdown of carbon (energy), feed on others Saphrophytes, Parasites