Lesson 4: Animal and Plant Tissues

Question 1

individual cells arranged into groups that function collectively

Answer 1

tissues

composed of similar cells performing the same funcions

Question 2

Tissues in turn are combined into?

Answer 2

organs

Question 3

organs are combined into?

Answer 3

organ systems

Question 4

Animal tissues are generally classified into four types:

Answer 4

1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscular
4. nervous

Question 5

• consist of sheets of cells that cover organisms and their organs
• also form glands that synthesize secretory products for discharge into their environment

Answer 5

epithelial tissues

Question 6

examples of glands formed by epithelial tissues:

Answer 6

• sebaceous glands
• salivary glands

Question 7

all epithelial tissue usualy adhere tightly to the similar cells on either side of them througj cell-to-cell juntions called

Answer 7

tight junctions

Question 8

seals off a tissue from adjacent open spaces and prevent the entrance of disease-causing microorganisms

Answer 8

tight junctions

Question 9

epithelial tissues can be classified according to :

Answer 9

1. number of cell layers (simple or stratified)
2. cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)
3. surface specialization (cilia, keratin, goblet, or brush border

Question 10

Types of Epithelial Tissues in Terms of their Structure:

Answer 10

1. Simple epithelium
2. Stratified epithelium

Question 11

is made up of only one layer of cells, and according to cell shape, can be squamous, cuboidal or columnar

Answer 11

Simple epithelium

Question 12

is made of more than one layer of cells. According to the shape of its top-most layer, this can be classified as squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional, or pseudostratified

Answer 12

stratified epithelium

Question 13

they connect and bind parts together just like the Achillles tendons found in your legs

Answer 13

Connective Tissues

Question 14

examples of connective tissues that we often encounter while eating chicken are

Answer 14

ligaments and tendons

Question 15

tissue that usually bind a muscle to a bone

Answer 15

tendons

Question 16

tissues that connect a bone to another bone

Answer 16

ligaments

Question 17

its most common types are the areolar tissue, fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, bone, cartilage and blood

Answer 17

connective tissue

Question 18

is considered a supportive tissue since its primary function is to supply the body with nutrients and gases it needs

Answer 18

Blood

Question 19

types of connective tissues:

Answer 19

1. collagenous
2. reticular
3. elastic

Question 20

is predominantly made up of type I collagen

Answer 20

collagenous connective tissue

e.g. dense regular connective tissues in the tendons, and dense irregular connective tssues in periosteum

Question 21

• primarily formed by type III collagen, a protein found in bones and cartilage,
• is commonly found as a supportive framework of hematopoietic and lymphold organs

Answer 21

reticular connective tissue

e.g. adipose tissue, baal lamina, animal stroma of glandular organs

Question 22

primarily formed by type II collagen, a component of joint cartilage, contains retractile fibers with elastin

Answer 22

elastic connective tissue

not easily visualized unless it is stained. Found in the bronchi, trachea, blood vessels, and hollow organs

Question 23

Forms the body and also helps the bones in body movement

Answer 23

Muscle or muscular tissue

Question 24

different kinds of muscular tissues:

Answer 24

1. skeletal
2. smooth
3. cardiac

Question 25

Muscles can be grouped into two:

Answer 25

voluntary and involuntary

Question 26

are muscles that can be controlled by the nervous system

Answer 26

voluntary muscles ## Footnote skeletal muscles attached to the bones are voluntary muscles. They only move at our will.

Question 27

muscles that are beyond the control of the nervous system

Answer 27

involuntary muscles ## Footnote e.g. muscles of the digestive tube and the heart

Question 28

# type of muscular tissues are made up of very long, cylindrical, multi-nucleated cells capable of **quick and forceful contractions** that are usually voluntary

Answer 28

Skeletal muscles ## Footnote interactions of the thin and thick fillaments make it possible for them to slide through each other during contraction

Question 29

# type of muscular tissues - are composed of **elongated branched individual cells** that are configured parallel to each other - capable of **involuntary**, **vigorous**, and **rhythmic** contractions

Answer 29

cardiac muscles

Question 30

# tyoe of muscular tissues - are collections of cells that **do not show cross-striations** - **largest at their midpoints** and taper toward their ends - contraction process is **slow** and **involuntary**

Answer 30

smooth muscle ## Footnote e.g. digestive tube

Question 31

comprised of cells that are specialized for the reception and conduction of impulses

Answer 31

nervous tissues ## Footnote usually found in the brain & spinal cord except for cytoplasmic extensions like axons

Question 32

individual cells of the brain and the spinal cord

Answer 32

neurons or nerve cells

Question 33

types of neurons according to functions:

Answer 33

1. sensory 2. motor 3. interneurons

Question 34

carry information obtained from the interior of the body and the environment to the CNS (central nervous system)

Answer 34

sensory neurons

Question 35

carry impulses from the CNS to the effector organs commanded by these centers

Answer 35

motor neurons

Question 36

are found only in the CNS, connect one neuron to another.

Answer 36

Interneurons

Question 37

Plant tissues can be classified based on origin:

Answer 37

1. meristematic or embryonic 2. non-merismatic or permanent

Question 38

- these tissues are mostly located at the tips of roots and shoots of plants -- where cells actively divide - they are responsible for the production of more cells

Answer 38

merismatic or embryonic tissiue ## Footnote new cells formed are typically small, each with a proportionately large nucleus at the center and tiny vacuoles or no vacuoles at all

Question 39

found at the tips of shoots and roots which increase in length and produce new cells

Answer 39

apical meristems

Question 40

found at the vicinity of nodes which occurs at intervals along stems

Answer 40

intercalary meristems ## Footnote they also increase the length of stems

Question 41

increase the girth or diameter of plants. they are also found along the sides of some roots and stems.

Answer 41

lateral meristems

Question 42

these are tissues **formerly derived from meristems** but have already assumed various shapes and sizes related to their specific functions as they develop and mature.

Answer 42

non-meristematic or permanent tissues ## Footnote usuaally non-dividing with few exceptions

Question 43

kinds of non-meristematic tissues:

Answer 43

1. surface 2. fundamental 3. vascular

Question 44

serve as the outermost covering in plants

Answer 44

surface tissues

Question 45

two types of surface tissues:

Answer 45

1. epidermis 2. periderm

Question 46

- the outermost layer of cells of all young plant organs - one-celled, thick, and may have several layers in some.

Answer 46

epidermis

Question 47

- functions for added protection and usually found in mature plants - consists of sevral layers of dead cells impregnated with suberin or waxy substance when mature found in bark of trees.

Answer 47

periderm

Question 48

are designed to give support and strength to the plant

Answer 48

fundamental tissues

Question 49

the most abundant of all the cell types and found in almost major parts of higher plants

Answer 49

parenchyma ## Footnote - cells are more or less spherical in shape when newly produced - they push against each other when they mature and their thin pliable cells are flattened at points of contact

Question 50

composed of uneven thick-walled cells. they often occur just beneath the epidermis.

Answer 50

collenchyma

Question 51

- characterized by cells with thick and tough cell wall. - these are normally impreganated with lignin - dead at maturity and function for support

Answer 51

sclerenchyma ## Footnote commonly found in pears and *chicos* (also known as "stone cells")

Question 52

are involved in the transport of substances in the body of the plants

Answer 52

vascular tissues

Question 53

types of vascular tissues:

Answer 53

1. xylem 2. phloem

Question 54

functions for conducting water and minerals in the plant upward

Answer 54

xylem

Question 55

which function for translocating food materials to all the growing parts of the plants and roots

Answer 55

phloem

Question 56

# + sample tissues or cells from plants are isolated and grown aritificially in specific culture media

Answer 56

plant tissue culture (micropropagation)