Lesson 5

Question 1

is no longer a fixed term which refers to a fixed category of objects or creative activities, but rather an ever-expanding art form that is constantly evolving and redefining itself.

Answer 1

sculpture

Question 2

prior to the 20th century had four main defining characteristics. First, it was the only three-dimensional art form. Second, it was representational. Third, it was viewed as an art of solid form. Any empty spaces involved were essentially secondary to its bulk or mass.

Answer 2

TRADITIONAL SCULPTURE

Question 3

is no longer restricted by traditional sculptural concepts, materials or methods of production. It is no longer exclusively representational but frequently wholly abstract.

Answer 3

MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY SCULPTURE

Question 4

is the branch of the visual arts that is specifically concerned with expressive three-dimension form.

Answer 4

Sculpture

Question 5

There are four basic methods for making sculpture. These are:

Answer 5

1. Modeling
2. Carving
3. Casting
4. Construction & Assemblage

Question 6

the process of manipulating soft materials that can be shaped by the sculptor’s hands to create a three-dimensional form.

Answer 6

Modeling

Question 7

is a process in which the artist subtracts or cuts away from a solid material to reach the desired form. Because the artist subtracts to reveal the sculpture, carving is a subtractive process.

Answer 7

Carving

Question 8

the method of making a mold and ____ it in a durable material such as bronze. The two most commonly used methods of casting are sand casting and the “lost wax” process.

Answer 8

Casting

Question 9

Emerging In the twentieth-century, the techniques of _____ consist of combining and joining various materials to form a three-dimensional object.

Answer 9

Construction & Assemblage

Question 10

TYPES OF SCULPTURE

Answer 10

1. Freestanding
2. Relief

Question 11

Also known as “in the round,” the word ________ means surrounded on all sides by space.

Answer 11

Freestanding

Question 12

This is a type of sculpture in which forms and figures project only from the front. It is flat on the back.

Answer 12

Relief

Question 13

CLASSIFICATIONS OF SCULPTURE

Answer 13

Stone Sculpture
Jade Sculpture
Wood Sculpture
Bronze Sculpture
Clay Sculpture

Question 14

probably the earliest form of monumental sculpture as well as the best medium for monumental works, was common to many eras of the Paleolithic Stone Age.

Answer 14

Stone Sculpture

Question 15

been a specialty of Chinese master craftsmen ever since Neolithic times. Nephrite and Jadeite are the two most common types of jade stone.

Answer 15

Jade Sculpture

Question 16

the oldest and most continuous type of sculpture. Especially convenient for small works, wood carving was widely practiced during the Prehistoric age, and later during the era of Early Christian sculpture.

Answer 16

Wood Sculpture

Question 17

a complicated process which was developed independently in China, South America and Egypt. ____ casting requires the modeling of a form in clay, plaster or wax,

Answer 17

Bronze Sculpture

Question 18

from the Paleolithic era of the Stone Age. Known (when fired) as terracotta sculpture, it is the most plastic of all sculpting methods, versatile, light, inexpensive and durable.

Answer 18

Clay Sculpture

Question 19

more low reliefs and free-standing sculpture such as the anthropomorphic figurines unearthed in eastern Turkey. It also witnessed the creation of the “Shigir Idol” (7,500 BCE), the world’s oldest surviving wood carving found near Sverdlovsk in Russia.

Answer 19

MESOLITHIC SCULPTURE (10,000 - 4,000 BCE)

Question 20

is noted above all for its pottery, but it also featured free standing sculpture and bronze statuettes. Was Egyptian pyramid architecture

Answer 20

EGYPTIAN SCULPTURE (4,000 - 2,000 BCE)/ Neolithic art

Question 21

did not really appear until the “Daedalic” or “Oriental-Style Period” around 650 BCE. Thereafter it developed according to the traditional chronology of Greek art during classical antiquity,

Answer 21

Greek sculpture (650 – 100 BCE)

Question 22

was non-idealized and realistic; thereafter it became sternly heroic. It was designed above all to express the majesty and power of Roman rule.

Answer 22

Roman sculpture (200 BCE - 200 CE)

Question 23

was almost entirely religious, but, aside from some shallow ivory reliefs and gold smith, the Eastern Orthodox brand of Christianity did not permit 3-D artworks like statues or high reliefs.

Answer 23

BYZANTINE SCULPTURE (330-1450 CE)

Question 24

a more confident Christian Church began to reassert itself. This doctrinal expansionism led to the Crusades to free the Holy Land from the grip of Islam.

Answer 24

ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE (1000 - 1200)

Question 25

Pointed arches, soaring ceilings, thin walls and huge stained-glass windows dominated the Gothic Era. Christian message was conveyed in a variety of Biblical art, including beautiful stained-glass windows and by a wide variety of sculpture.

Answer 25

GOTHIC SCULPTURE (1150 - 1300)

Question 26

was also colored by a strong belief in Humanism and the nobility of Man which began in Florence, Italy. Early Renaissance sculptors sought to improve further on Gothic works.

Answer 26

Renaissance sculpture (1400 - 1600)

Question 27

Sculptors now are taking the ideas of the Renaissance artists and running wild with them. The resulting works of art are almost exclusively in the round, very dramatic and dynamic. Gian Lorenzo Bernini was pretty much the undisputed master of Baroque sculpture.

Answer 27

BAROQUE AND ROCOCO (1530-1700)

Question 28

were a little more polite and small, focusing on porcelain as a medium rather than marble.

Answer 28

Rococo sculptures

Question 29

the art world was going through some massive shifts. Sculptors turned towards impressionism. Instead of focusing on perfect anatomy, details, and story-telling, they paid more attention to personal expression, stylization, and interest in surface texture.

Answer 29

SCULPTURE IN 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY

Question 30

A lot of different movements happened in sculpture during the modernist movement, some of which are cubism, Dadaism, surrealism, minimalism, and futurism.

Answer 30

MODERN SCULPTURE (2000 - PRESENT)