Lesson 5 - Biological elements

Question 1

Different types of atoms:

Answer 1

Elements

Question 2

How are elements distinguished?

Answer 2

Number of protons in the atomic nuclei

Question 3

Four key elements?

Answer 3

Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N)

Question 4

Two important elements below the 4?

Answer 4

Phosphorus (P) and Sulfur (S)

Question 5

What other elements are important (4) in biochemistry?

Answer 5

Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe)

Question 6

Covalent bonds

Answer 6

When two atoms share a pair of electrons.

Question 7

Electrons shared in covalent bonding?

Answer 7

Unpaired and present in outer orbitals of the atoms.

Question 8

Carbon atoms can form … bonds

Answer 8

4

Question 9

Nitrogen atoms can form … bonds

Answer 9

3

Question 10

Oxygen can form … bonds

Answer 10

2

Question 11

Hydrogen can form … bond(s)

Answer 11

1

Question 12

Draw Hydrogen (H2):
- Electron diagram
- Displayed formula
- ‘Ball and stick’ model

Answer 12

…

Question 13

Draw water (H2O):
- Electron diagram
- Displayed formula
- ‘Ball and stick’ model

Answer 13

…

Question 14

Draw Carbon Dioxide (CO2):
- Electron diagram
- Displayed formula
- ‘Ball and stick’ model

Answer 14

…

Question 15

Draw methane (CH4):
- Electron diagram
- Displayed formula
- ‘Ball and stick’ model

Answer 15

…

Question 16

Draw ammonia (NH4):
- Electron diagram
- Displayed formula
- ‘Ball and stick’ model

Answer 16

…

Question 17

Ion

Answer 17

An atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons.

Question 18

Cation

Answer 18

Positive charge (loses an electron)

Question 19

Anion

Answer 19

Negative charge (gains an electron)

Question 20

Ionic bond

Answer 20

One atom in the pair donates an electron and the other receives it. This forms a positive and negative that are held together by the force of opposite charges.

Question 21

Calcium ions formula

Answer 21

Ca (2+)

Question 22

Sodium ions formula

Answer 22

Na (+)

Question 23

Potassium ions formula

Answer 23

K (+)

Question 24

Hydrogen ions formula

Answer 24

H (+)

Question 25

Ammonium ions formula

Answer 25

NH4 (+)

Question 26

Nitrate ions formula

Answer 26

NO3 (-)

Question 27

Hydrogen carbonate ions formula

Answer 27

HCO3 (-)

Question 28

Chloride ions formula

Answer 28

Cl (-)

Question 29

Phosphate ions formula

Answer 29

PO4 (3-)

Question 30

Hydroxide ions formula

Answer 30

OH (-)

Question 31

Calcium ions are necessary for:

Answer 31

- Nerve impulse transmission - Muscle contraction

Question 32

Sodium ions are necessary for:

Answer 32

- Nerve impulse transmission - Kidney function

Question 33

Potassium ions are necessary for:

Answer 33

- Nerve impulse transmission - Stomatal opening

Question 34

Hydrogen ions are necessary for:

Answer 34

- Catalysis of reactions - pH determination

Question 35

Ammonium ions are necessary for:

Answer 35

- Production of nitrate ions by bacteria

Question 36

Nitrate ions are necessary for:

Answer 36

- Nitrogen supply to plants for amino acid and protein formation

Question 37

Hydrogen carbonate ions are necessary for:

Answer 37

- Maintenance of blood pH

Question 38

Chloride ions are necessary for:

Answer 38

- Balance positive charge of sodium and potassium ions in cells

Question 39

Phosphate ions are necessary for:

Answer 39

- Cell membrane formation - Nucleic acid and ATP formation - Bone formation

Question 40

Hydroxide ions are necessary for:

Answer 40

- Catalysis of reactions - pH determination

Question 41

4 biological molecules:

Answer 41

- Carbohydrates - Lipids - Proteins - Nucleic acids

Question 42

Elements present in carbohydrates:

Answer 42

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Ratio of Cx(H2O)x

Question 43

Elements present in lipids:

Answer 43

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Question 44

Elements present in proteins:

Answer 44

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur

Question 45

Elements present in nucleic acids:

Answer 45

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

Question 46

Polymers

Answer 46

Long chain molecules made up by the linking of multiple individual molecules (called monomers) in a repeating pattern.

Question 47

Carbohydrates: Monomers and Polymers

Answer 47

Monomer: Monosaccharides Polymer: Polysaccharides

Question 48

Lipids: Monomers and polymers

Answer 48

Monomer: Glycerol and fatty acids Polymer: Triglycerides

Question 49

Proteins Monomers and polymers

Answer 49

Monomer: Amino acids Polymer: Polypeptides

Question 50

Nucleic acids monomers and polymers

Answer 50

Monomer: Nucleotides Polymer: DNA and RNA