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Grade 11 Science - Biology > Lesson 6 - Biological Processes in Human Body > Flashcards

Lesson 6 - Biological Processes in Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the process called by which complex organic compounds are converted into simple organic products for absorption?

A

Digestion of food

Digestion involves breaking down food into smaller particles for absorption into the body.

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2
Q

What are the two main processes involved in food digestion?

A
  • Mechanical process
  • Chemical process

Mechanical digestion involves altering the physical nature of food, while chemical digestion involves breaking down compounds using enzymes.

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3
Q

What role do salivary glands play in digestion?

A

They secrete saliva which contains enzymes that begin the digestion of food.

Salivary amylase (ptyalin) is an enzyme that starts breaking down starch into maltose.

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4
Q

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

A
  • Food digestion
  • Absorption of digested end products
  • Removal of undigested materials

The digestive system is a single tube that runs from mouth to anus and changes structure at various points.

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: The ________ is a common area for both respiratory and digestive systems.

A

Pharynx

The pharynx serves as a passage for food and air.

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6
Q

What prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

A

Epiglottis

The epiglottis closes off the trachea when swallowing to prevent choking.

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7
Q

How does food move through the esophagus?

A

By peristaltic movements

Peristalsis involves waves of muscle contractions that propel the food bolus forward.

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8
Q

What is the gastric juice composed of?

A
  • Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
  • Pepsin enzyme

Gastric juice is essential for the digestion of proteins.

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9
Q

What happens to food in the stomach?

A

It is mixed and broken down into chyme.

Chyme is a semi-liquid substance that moves into the small intestine.

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10
Q

What is the primary site for chemical digestion of food?

A

Small intestine

The small intestine is where most enzymatic digestion occurs.

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11
Q

Name three enzymes secreted by the pancreas.

A
  • Trypsin
  • Amylase
  • Lipase

These enzymes play crucial roles in digesting proteins, starch, and lipids respectively.

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12
Q

What does bile do in the digestive process?

A

It emulsifies lipids, breaking them into small droplets.

This increases the surface area for lipase to act on fats.

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13
Q

What are the end products of carbohydrate digestion?

A

Monosaccharides (Glucose / Fructose / Galactose)

These simple sugars are easily absorbed into the bloodstream.

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14
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine?

A

To absorb water from indigestible food matter and form feces.

The large intestine plays a crucial role in waste elimination.

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15
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Inflammation of the inner lining of the stomach.

Common symptoms include acid regurgitation and stomach pain.

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16
Q

What causes constipation?

A
  • Low dietary fiber
  • Insufficient water intake
  • Postponing defecation

Constipation occurs when feces harden due to excessive water absorption.

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17
Q

What is typhoid and how is it transmitted?

A

A bacterial infection transmitted through contaminated food and water.

Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.

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18
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

To facilitate gas exchange between the lungs and the external environment.

This includes the intake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide.

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19
Q

How is gas exchange demonstrated using a model?

A

By changing the volume inside a bell jar to inflate and deflate balloons.

This simulates the mechanics of breathing.

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20
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

To enter O2 into lungs and release gaseous waste products produced during biological processes.

The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between the external environment and the lungs.

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21
Q

List the main parts of the respiratory system.

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli

These structures are involved in the process of respiration.

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22
Q

What is the role of mucus in the nasal cavity?

A

To moisten the lining and trap bacteria, dust, and other wastes.

Mucus prevents the entry of harmful substances into the lungs.

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23
Q

What happens to inhaled air as it passes through the nasal cavity?

A
  • Moisturizing/Humidifying inhaled air
  • Warming up of inhaled air to body temperature
  • Removal of foreign matter from inhaled air

These processes prepare the air for efficient gas exchange in the lungs.

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24
Q

What is inspiration?

A

The process where air enters the lungs, increasing lung volume.

This occurs when the thoracic cavity volume increases due to contraction of inter-costal muscles and the diaphragm.

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25
What occurs during expiration?
The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, reducing lung volume and expelling gas. ## Footnote This is facilitated by relaxation of inter-costal muscles and the diaphragm.
26
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
In the alveoli. ## Footnote The alveoli have a high concentration of O2 compared to the blood capillaries, facilitating diffusion.
27
What are the adaptations of the respiratory surface for efficient gas exchange?
* Surface should be moistened and permeable * Surface should be thin * Larger surface area * Highly vascularized ## Footnote These adaptations enhance the efficiency of gas exchange in the alveoli.
28
What is cellular respiration?
The process of oxidation of simple foods to produce energy for biological activities. ## Footnote It involves the reaction of oxygen with glucose.
29
Write the word equation for aerobic respiration.
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy ## Footnote This represents the process that occurs in the presence of oxygen.
30
What are the two types of respiration based on oxygen availability?
* Aerobic respiration * Anaerobic respiration ## Footnote Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration occurs without it.
31
What is alcohol fermentation?
Anaerobic respiration that occurs in plants and yeast cells, producing CO2 and ethyl alcohol. ## Footnote This process is utilized in brewing and baking industries.
32
What is lactic acid fermentation?
Anaerobic respiration occurring in animal cells, producing lactic acid and energy. ## Footnote It is responsible for muscle pain during intense exercise.
33
What is ATP and its functions?
* Storage of energy * Release of energy * Act as an energy carrier ## Footnote ATP is crucial for various biological processes including muscle movement and chemical reactions.
34
List some diseases associated with the respiratory system.
* Common cold * Pneumonia * Asthma * Bronchitis * Tuberculosis ## Footnote Each of these diseases has specific causes and symptoms.
35
What is the causative agent of common cold?
A virus. ## Footnote Symptoms include headache, sneezing, running nose, and cough.
36
What is pneumonia and its main symptoms?
An infection of the lungs caused by bacteria or viruses, characterized by fluid accumulation. ## Footnote Symptoms include prolonged cold and cough.
37
What effect does smoking have on the respiratory system?
Causes lung cancer, bronchitis, and reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood. ## Footnote Smoking also leads to destruction of cilia in the respiratory tract.
38
What is silicosis?
A disease caused by inhaling silicon compounds, leading to gradual deterioration of lung tissues. ## Footnote Common in workers exposed to such environments.
39
What is the primary organ of the urinary system responsible for nitrogenous excretion?
The kidneys. ## Footnote The kidneys filter waste materials from the blood.
40
What are the three main processes involved in urine formation?
* Ultrafiltration * Selective reabsorption * Secretion ## Footnote These processes occur in the nephron of the kidneys.
41
What is ultrafiltration in the context of kidneys?
The process where blood is filtered through the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule. ## Footnote It allows small molecules to pass while retaining larger molecules like proteins.
42
What is selective reabsorption?
The process where most constituents of glomerular filtrate are absorbed back into the blood. ## Footnote This includes water, glucose, and amino acids.
43
What is the composition of glomerular filtrate?
* Water * Glucose * Amino acids * Vitamins * Ions * Urea ## Footnote Large molecules like plasma proteins are not included in the filtrate.
44
What percentage of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the nephron?
95% ## Footnote The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation.
45
Which substances are fully reabsorbed in a healthy adult?
Glucose ## Footnote In diabetes patients, glucose is not fully reabsorbed and may appear in urine.
46
What is the process called when materials from blood capillaries enter the nephron tubules?
Secretion ## Footnote Examples include hydrogen ions (H+), potassium ions (K+), and creatinine.
47
What is the average composition of water in urine for a healthy person?
About 96% ## Footnote Other components include salts, urea, and trace amounts of uric acid and creatinine.
48
What is renal failure?
A condition where kidneys fail to function due to weakened filtration processes ## Footnote Causes include infections, heavy metals, and certain medications.
49
What are the symptoms of renal failure?
* Oedema * Increased blood pressure * Decreased blood pH ## Footnote Immediate treatment can prevent acute renal failure.
50
What causes nephritis?
Infections and toxins affecting the kidneys ## Footnote It can damage the glomerulus and uriniferous tubules.
51
What condition results from the crystallization of calcium oxalate in the kidneys?
Calculi in kidney and bladder ## Footnote This can cause severe pain when stones block ureters.
52
What is the main component of blood plasma?
Water (92%) ## Footnote Other components include proteins, nutrients, and waste products.
53
How many red blood cells are typically found in one cubic millimeter of human blood?
About five million ## Footnote Red blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow.
54
What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?
About 120 days ## Footnote Red blood cells lack a nucleus, allowing for greater oxygen absorption.
55
What is the normal ratio of red blood cells to white blood cells?
600:1 ## Footnote White blood cells are crucial for immune response.
56
What are the two main types of white blood cells?
* Granulocytes * Non-granulocytes ## Footnote Granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
57
What is the primary function of platelets?
Blood coagulation ## Footnote Platelets contain thromboplastin, which aids in the clotting process.
58
What is the normal systolic blood pressure range?
110-120 mmHg ## Footnote Diastolic blood pressure typically ranges from 70-80 mmHg.
59
What is double circulation?
Blood flows twice through the heart before entering systemic circulation ## Footnote This includes pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.
60
What does the cardiac cycle consist of?
* Diastole * Systole * Intervening ## Footnote Diastole is atrial contraction, systole is ventricular contraction.
61
What is an electrocardiogram (ECG) used for?
To monitor heart function ## Footnote ECG traces the electrical activity of the heart.
62
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
Destruction of infectious organisms ## Footnote It also helps in the absorption of excess tissue fluid.
63
What is the fluid called that moves through lymphatics?
Lymph ## Footnote It is formed from excess tissue fluid that is absorbed back into the lymphatic system.
64
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
Lacteals, lymph capillaries, and lymph nodes ## Footnote The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in immune function and fluid balance.
65
What are the two main vessels formed by lymph vessels?
Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
66
Where does the thoracic duct empty lymph?
Left subclavian vein
67
Where does the right lymphatic duct empty lymph?
Right subclavian vein
68
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
Destruction of infectious organisms
69
What process do white blood cells use to destroy bacteria in lymph nodes?
Phagocytosis
70
What happens to lymph nodes when they become active?
They become swollen
71
Where are lymph nodes primarily located?
Around liver, heart, intestines, skin, armpits, and throat
72
What is atherosclerosis?
A condition where excessive low-density lipoproteins deposit in arteries, reducing lumen size
73
What are the two types of lipoproteins?
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL)
74
What dietary factors increase LDL levels?
Foods high in saturated fatty acids like beef, pork, mutton, full cream milk, egg yolk, prawns, and liver
75
What condition arises from the blockage of coronary arteries?
Heart failure
76
What is hypertension?
Higher pressure exerted onto the arterial wall
77
What is hypotension?
Low blood pressure
78
What causes thrombosis?
A blood clot in a blood vessel affecting blood supply to an organ
79
What can result from coronary thrombosis?
Heart attack
80
What are some preventive measures for thrombosis?
* Avoiding alcohol and smoking * Reducing saturated fatty acids * Consuming more fiber * Reducing salt intake * Maintaining healthy body weight * Regular physical exercise * Managing stress
81
What is irritability in biological terms?
The ability to respond to stimuli from external and internal environments
82
What are sensory organs responsible for?
Detecting stimuli
83
What are the two systems involved in coordination in the human body?
* Nervous system * Endocrine system
84
What is the structural unit of the nervous system?
Neuron
85
What are the three types of neurons?
* Sensory neuron * Motor neuron * Interneuron
86
What does the central nervous system consist of?
* Brain * Spinal cord
87
What is cerebrospinal fluid?
Fluid found within the cavities of the brain and between meninges
88
What are the three main parts of the brain?
* Cerebrum * Cerebellum * Medulla oblongata
89
What are the functions of the cerebrum?
* Perception of impulses * Identification of sensory information * Storage of information * High mental activities * Controlling voluntary muscle contraction
90
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
* Maintenance of body balance * Control of voluntary muscle activity * Involvement in maintenance of body movement
91
What are the functions of the medulla oblongata?
* Control involuntary actions * Control reflex actions
92
What is a reflex action?
A sudden, involuntary response to a particular stimulus
93
What are the two types of reflexes?
* Spinal reflexes * Cranial reflexes
94
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system?
Coordinates involuntary activities in the body
95
What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?
* Sympathetic nervous system * Parasympathetic nervous system
96
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of constant internal environment
97
What factors in the internal environment need regulation for homeostasis?
* Blood glucose level * Body temperature * Water balance
98
What hormone regulates blood glucose levels?
Insulin
99
What happens when blood glucose levels are too low?
Alpha cells in islets of Langerhans secrete glucagon
100
What is the effect of glucagon?
Converts glycogen into glucose and releases it into blood
101
What is the process by which fat is converted and stored in the body?
Fat is converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue.
102
What stimulates alpha cells in the pancreas to secrete glucogen?
When blood glucose level is less than normal.
103
What is the function of glucogen in the body?
It acts on glycogen stored in the liver to convert it into glucose and release it into the blood.
104
What happens to blood glucose levels when glucogen is secreted?
The blood glucose level is increased to normal level.
105
What regulates blood glucose levels in the body?
The activities of insulin and glucogen.
106
What condition is caused by the absence of beta cells or secretion of insulin?
Diabetes.
107
What does homoithermic mean?
Maintenance of constant body temperature irrespective of environmental fluctuations.
108
What is the normal body temperature of a human?
37 °C.
109
Where is the thermo regulatory centre located in the human body?
In the hypothalamus of the brain.
110
What occurs when environmental temperature drops?
Hypothalamus reduces blood supply to skin, reduces sweat production, and causes hairs to become erect.
111
What is the body's response to high heat loss?
Heat is generated by shivering.
112
What happens when the internal environment temperature increases?
Blood vessels in the skin dilate and sweat production increases.
113
What hormone is secreted by the pituitary when water levels in blood drop?
ADH (Antidiuresis hormone).
114
What is the effect of ADH on the kidneys?
Increases reabsorption of water, reducing water released with urine.
115
What occurs when water levels in the blood are high?
Reabsorption of water decreases and the amount of water released with urine increases.
116
Name some biological processes that take place in the human body.
* Digestion * Respiration * Blood circulation * Excretion * Coordination
117
What is digestion?
The process by which complex organic compounds are converted into simple organic products absorbed into the body.
118
What are the end products of food digestion?
* Glucose from carbohydrates * Fatty acids and glycerol from lipids * Amino acids from proteins
119
What role does bile play in digestion?
Helps to emulsify lipids in lipid digestion.
120
What substances can be absorbed directly into the blood without digestion?
* Medicines * Vitamins * Alcohol * Glucose
121
What is respiration?
The process of oxidation of simple foods within living cells.
122
What does the respiratory system do?
Involves taking oxygen into lungs and releasing gaseous waste products.
123
What happens to energy produced during respiration?
Part is lost as heat and the rest is deposited in ATP as chemical energy.
124
What is excretion?
The removal of excretory products produced during metabolism.
125
Which organs carry out excretion in humans?
* Kidneys * Skin * Lungs
126
What is the functional and structural unit of the kidney?
Nephron.
127
What are the excretory materials produced in nephrons referred to as?
Urine.
128
What does the urinary system involve?
The production and removal of urine from the body.
129
What are the functions of the blood circulatory system?
* Circulating substances in the body * Protecting the body from microorganisms
130
What is blood composed of?
* Blood cells * Plasma
131
What is the function of the heart in the circulatory system?
Acts as a pumping machine.
132
What type of circulation does the heart perform?
Double circulation consisting of systemic and pulmonary circulation.
133
What are the three major stages of a cardiac cycle?
* Diastole * Systole * Intervening phase

Grade 11 Science - Biology (1 decks)

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