Lesson 6: Contribution of Arabs, Chinese and Indians Flashcards
(232 cards)
1
Q
When did the rise of Islamic Science have its acme?
A
between the 8th and 16th centuries
2
Q
What is the period when Islamic Science had its acme nominally known as?
A
the Islamic Golden Age
3
Q
Who made the camera obscura and the pinhole camera?
A
Ibn al-Haytham
4
Q
What years were Ibn al-Haytham’s birth and death?
A
965; 1040
5
Q
What is Ibn al-Haytham’s Latinized name?
A
Alhazen
6
Q
Where was Ibn al-Haytham born?
A
Basra, Iraq
7
Q
Which dynasty was Basra, Iraq a part of during Ibn al-Haytham’s time?
A
Buyid Dynasty
8
Q
Who was the first to discover the laws of refraction?
A
Ibn al-Haytham
9
Q
Who founded the modern scientific method?
A
Ibn al-Haytham
10
Q
Where was the first astrolabe invented?
A
in either ancient Greece or India
11
Q
To whom can the first astrolabe in the Muslim world be attributed to
A
Fazari
12
Q
What years were Fazari’s birth and death?
A
746; 777
13
Q
What were astrolabes in the Muslim world made of?
A
brass
14
Q
What were astrolabes developed for?
A
navigation and for finding the quibla, the direction of the Mecca
15
Q
Who created an Earth-centered planetary model?
A
Nasir al-din al-Tusi of Bagdad
16
Q
What years were Tusi’s birth and death?
A
1201; 1274
17
Q
Where is Tusi’s Earth-centered planetary model derived from?
A
from Ptolemy’s model of planetary motion after finding its flaws
18
Q
Who drew from al-Tusi’s model when theorizing that the Earth revolves around the sun
A
Copernicus
19
Q
What is the name of the ancient Maragheh Observatory built for Tusi?
A
Rasad Kaneh
20
Q
When was Rasad Kaneh built?
A
in the 13th century
21
Q
Who authored an influential multi-volume encyclopedia of all known medical knowledge at the time?
A
Doctor Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
22
Q
What years were Al-Razi’s birth and death?
A
865; 925
23
Q
What is Al-Razi’s Latinized name?
A
Rhazes
24
Q
Who created a monograph on smallpox and measles?
A
al-Razi
25
Who pioneered the study of the pulmonary circulation of blood?
Ibn al-Nafis
26
What years were Al-Nafis' birth and death?
1213; 1288
27
Where was Al-Nafis born in?
Damascus
28
Who was the first to recognize that lungs purify blood?
Ibn al-Nafis
29
Who is considered to be the father of algebra?
Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khawarzmi
30
What years were Al-Khwarzmi's birth and death?
780; 850
31
Where did the term "algebra" come from?
from a-jabr, one of the operations used to solve quadratic equations in Al-Khwarzmi's book
32
Why is Al-Khwarzmi considered to be the father of algebra?
because his book “Algebra” is the first treatise on the systematic solutions of linear and quadratic equations
33
Who introduced the decimal positioning system?
Al-Khawarzmi
34
Who made a significant innovation regarding paper-making?
a eunuch named Cai Lun
35
What years were Cai Lun's birth and death?
50; 121
36
Where did Cai Lun's advanced paper-making technology then spread to?
Central Asia and the rest of the world through the Silk Road
37
(True/False) Paper existed before Cai Lun's invention
True
38
When was woodblock printing used?
during the Tang and Song Dynasties
39
Who invented movable type printing?
Bi Sheng
40
What years were Bi Sheng's birth and death?
990; 1051
41
How does the movable type printing function?
(1) it makes use of individually carved characters on pieces of clay before hardening them with fire; (2) these pieces were later glued to an iron plate to print a page; (3) then broken up and redistributed for another page
42
Where did the movable type printing then spread to?
across Europe, leading up to the Renaissance, then later spread all around the world
43
How long did the Tang Dynasty last?
618 to 907
44
How long did the Song Dynasty last?
960 to 1279
45
Who invented gunpowder?
Chinese Taoists alchemists
46
When was gunpowder invented?
about 1000 AD
47
Why was gunpowder invented?
finding a potion to gain immortality
48
What are the three ingredients of gunpowder?
elemental sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter (potassium nitrate),
49
Where did gunpowder spread to?
to Europe during the Mongol expansion of 1200-1300
50
(True/False) The Chinese used gunpowder to create cannons and guns, while Europeans used it for firecrackers.
False
## Footnote
The Chinese used this discovery mainly for firecrackers while Europeans created cannons and guns and dominated China in the mid-1800s.
51
How was the compass initially used?
Feng Shui (or the practice of arranging pieces in living spaces to create balance with the natural world).
52
When was the compass invented?
between the 2nd century BC and 1st century AD
53
When and how did the purpose of the compass shift?
By 1000 AD, navigational compasses were commonly used on Chinese ships
54
Who learned the technology of the compass and brought it to the West?
Arab traders
55
Who are widely believed to be the first brewers?
inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula
56
When was the belief that the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were the first brewers disproven?
2013
57
How was the belief that the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were the first brewers disproven?
a 9000-year-old pottery found in the Henan province revealed the presence of alcohol, 1000 years before the Arabs did
58
What is alcohol also known as in Chinese culture, and what is it used for?
alcohol, known as 'Jiu,' was used for spiritual offerings to honor the heavens, the earth, and ancestors
59
In ancient China, what was the typical alcoholic content percentage of beer?
4% to 5%
60
(True/False) Alcohol is mentioned on oracle bone inscriptions.
True
61
What was the world's first mechanical clock called?
the 'Spherical Birds'
62
Who invented the world's first mechanical clock and when?
the Buddhist monk Yi Xing; 725 AD
63
How was the world's first mechanical clock operated?
by dripping water which powered a wheel that made one revolution in 24 hours
64
Who developed a more sophisticated clock and when?
Su Song; 1092
65
What was Su Song's clock called?
the Cosmic Empire
66
Who first discovered tea according to old Chinese legend?
Shennong, the Chinese Father of Agriculture
67
When was tea discovered according to old Chinese legend?
2737 BC
68
When did tea become a popular drink enjoyed by all social classes?
Tang Dynasty (618-907)
69
What is The Book of Tea also known as, and who wrote it?
Cha Jing; by Lu Yu in the Tang Dynasty
70
What were the contents of Cha Jing?
ways to cultivate tea, tea drinking and different classifications of tea in details
71
(True/False) Cha Jing is considered the world's first monograph about tea.
True
72
Where can the world's oldest and largest living tea tree be found and how old is it?
Lin Cang, China; 3,200 years old
73
What is considered to be one of the oldest fibers?
Silk
74
When was silk discovered?
4000-3000 BC
75
Where was the earliest evidence of silk discovered?
Yangshao culture site in Xiaxian County, Shanxi Province, China
76
(True/False) Chinese people openly shared the process of making silk to the West.
False
## Footnote
Chinese people kept it a closely guarded secret, and the West had to pay gold of the same weight for the silks.
77
How early can the invention of the umbrella be traced back?
as early as 3500 years ago
78
Who created the umbrella according to Chinese folklore?
Lu Ban, a Chinese carpenter and inventor
79
What inspired Lu Ban to create the umbrella?
children using lotus leaves as rain shelter
80
What was Lu Ban's umbrella made of?
a flexible framework covered by a cloth
81
What is the oldest Chinese medicine book?
Neijing
82
What is Neijing also known as?
The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine
83
What two proofs show that acupuncture was widely used as a therapy in Ancient China?
(1) Neijing contains information regarding the usage of acupuncture
(2) the tomb of Prince Liu Sheng who died in 200, had acupuncture needles inside
84
When was iron smelting technology developed in Ancient China?
5th Century BC in the Zhou Dynasty
85
How long did the Zhou Dynasty last?
1050 BC-256 BC)
86
When is China considered to have gone into a flourishing period for iron smelting?
During The Spring & Autumn period and Warring States period
87
How long did The Spring & Autumn period last?
776 BC to 476 BC
88
How long did the Warring States period last?
476 BC-221 BC
89
When did the central government monopolize the iron smelting in Ancient China?
in the Han Dynasty
90
How long did the Han Dynasty last?
202 BC to 220 AD
91
92
When did the earliest porcelain emerge qnd when did it mature?
the Shang Dynasty; the Tang Dynasty
93
How long did the Shang Dynasty last?
1600 BC-1046 BC
94
How long did the Tang Dynasty last?
618 to 906
95
When did porcelain production technology reach an unprecedented height?
During the Song Dynasty
96
Why is porcelain production technology considered to have reached an unprecedented height during the Song Dynasty?
due to its focus on shape and the tactile experiences of the glaze
97
(True/False) Chinese porcelain was only sought out locally, thus was never traded globally despite its quality.
False
## Footnote
Chinese porcelain was highly prized in the world and many artworks had been introduced to the West through the Silk Road.
98
Who invented the seismograph?
Zhang Heng
99
What years were the birth and death of Zhang Heng?
78; 140
100
When was the seismograph created?
132
101
When was the first instance of the seismograph indicating an earthquake occurring?
138
102
Where did the first ever detected earthquake by a seismograph occur?
in Longxi, a thousand kilometers away
103
When and where did the development of modern seismographs begin?
in 1848 in Europe
104
How do rockets work?
applying counter-force produced by ignited gunpowder
105
Why did the Wei State use torches attached to arrows?
to guard Chencang against the invading troops of the Shu State
106
When did the Wei State start using torches attached to arrows to guard Chencang?
According to history, in 228 AD
107
When was gunpowder adapted to make rockets?
Song Dynasty (960-1279)
108
What is the rocket made of?
A paper tube stuffed with gunpowder attached to an arrow which can be launched by a bow
109
When was the skill of producing bronze mastered?
1700 BC
110
In which dynasties brought China into the Bronze Age?
Shang and Zhou Dynasty
111
In what way did the Chinese bronze wares stand out?
their inscriptions and delicate decorative patterns
112
When was the kite developed?
3,000 years ago
113
What were the earliest kites made of and what were they called?
wood; Muyuan (wooden kite)
114
What were early times kites mainly used for?
for military purposes such as sending a message, measuring distances, testing the wind, and signaling
## Footnote
Over time, kite flying developed into playthings and kite flying is now enjoyed worldwide
115
What is the seed drill?
a device that plants the seed into soil at a uniform depth and covers it
116
When can seed drills be dated back to?
2nd Century BC
117
(True/False) Decades before the Seed Drill was created, Chinese farmers still scattered seeds onto the fields randomly.
False
## Footnote
While farmers around the world still scattered seed onto the fields randomly, ancient Chinese farmers started planting crops in rows
118
When did ancient Chinese farmers start practicing row crop farming?
6th century BC
119
What were the benefits of row crop farming?
it reduces seed loss and improves crop growth
120
How long did it take until the West adapted row crop farming?
2200 years later
121
When was the bristle toothbrush invented?
1498
122
What was the ancient toothbrush made of?
coarse horse hairs attached to bone or bamboo handles
123
Who brought the toothbrush into the rest of the world?
Europeans
124
When was paper money first developed?
the end of the 8th or beginning of the 9th century
125
What were paper bills originally used as?
privately issued bills of credit or exchange notes
126
(True/False) A merchant could deposit their cash to receive an "exchange certificate"
True
127
What were weighing scales used for?
to measure and compare goods in trade
128
When was the weighing scale invented?
Between 2400 BC - 1800 BC
129
What is Ayurveda?
it involves complex combinations of herbs, minerals, and metals for sickness
130
When can Ayurveda be dated back to?
5000 BC
131
Which two cities had almost every home with a flush toilet and a sophisticated sewage system?
Harappa and Mohenjo-daro
132
When were ancient flush toilet systems created?
2500 BC
133
(True/False) A dig site in Mohenjo-daro showed evidence of healers curing tooth disorders with bone drills.
False
## Footnote
A dig site in Mehgarh showed evidence of healers curing tooth disorders with bow drills.
134
Which two areas of the Indus Valley Civilization have had rulers uncovered from ruins?
now-Pakistan and Western India
135
What were ancient rulers made of?
ivory
136
(True/False) One ruler found was even calibrated to 1/16 of an inch.
True
137
(True/False) Bricks in the area where rulers were uncovered in were found to follow the same measurements.
True
138
When were rulers created?
2400 BC
139
What was plastic surgery known as in ancient India?
plastikē
140
What does plastikē mean?
the “art of of modeling” malleable flesh
141
(True/False) Ancient India discovered plastic–the petroleum byproduct– before the West did and thus have been practicing plastic surgery for longer.
False
## Footnote
Plastic surgery was being carried out in India through plastikē, or the “art of of modeling” malleable flesh, and not the petroleum byproduct.
142
Who is credited to be the father of plastic surgery?
Sushrata
143
When did Sushrata live?
~600 BC
144
(True/False) Mesopotamian, Indian, and Chinese mathematicians all discovered Pythagoras' namesake theorem independently long before he ever did
True
145
What contains a statement of the Pythagorean theorem as well as geometrical proof for an isosceles right triangle?
Baudhayana Sulba Sutra
146
What is the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra?
an ancient Indian mathematical and geometric text
147
When was the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra written?
between about 800 BC to 500 BC
148
When did South India begin to create crucible steel?
200 BC
149
What was the process of making crucible steel?
called the crucible technique, iron, charcoal, and glass were mixed together and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon,
150
What tool was used to perform a cataract surgery?
Jabamukhi Salaka
151
What is the Jabamukhi Salaka?
a curved needle used to loosen the lens and push the cataract out of the field of vision
152
(True/False) Chinese scientists of the time travelled to India to see cataract surgeries, and the technique was even introduced to the Arabs.
False
## Footnote
Greek scientists of the time travelled to India to see cataract surgeries, and the technique was even introduced into China
153
When was the spinning wheel created?
between 500 and 1000
154
What was the spinning wheel also known as?
Charkha
155
Why was the Charka important?
it eventually went on to become the symbol of India's independence movement
156
Where were Hindu cosmological time cycles found?
the Surya Siddhanta
157
When was the Surya Siddhanta written?
between 700 BC to 600
158
How much time does it take for the Earth to revolve around the Sun, according to the Surya Siddhanta?
365.2563627 days
159
How much longer is the approximation made in the Surya Siddhanta regarding the amount of time it takes for the Earth to revolve around the Sun compared to the actual number?
1.4 seconds
160
Which mathematician was the first person to create a symbol for zero?
Aryabhata
161
What is the decimal system?
the ingenious method of expressing all numbers by means of ten symbols and their positions
162
What is the numeral notation?
a system of different symbols for every number from one to nine
163
When was the numeral notation created?
as early as 500 BC
164
What was the numeral notation called by the Arabs?
the hind numerals
165
How did the Fibonacci numbers first appear as?
as matrâmeru
166
Who mentioned the matrâmeru?
Pingala
167
Why did Pinagala mention the matrâmeru?
in connection with the Sanskrit tradition of prosody
168
Who were the other three mathematicians that also mentioned the Fibonacci numbers before Fibonacci himself did?
Virahanka, Gopala, and Hemacandra
169
What is the binary system?
the basic language in which computer programs are written; a set of two numbers: 1 and 0
170
What are the combinations of 1 and 0 called?
bits and bytes
171
Who first described the binary system?
the Vedic scholar Pingala
172
What book by Pingala did the binary system appear in?
Chandahsästra
173
The Chandahsästra is the earliest known Sanskrit ________ __ _______.
treatise on prosody
174
What is prosody
the study of poetic meters and verses.
175
Who devised the atomic theory centuries before John Dalton was born?
Kanad
176
What did Kanad say were small indestructible particles?
anu
177
What are the two states the anu can have?
absolute rest and a state of motion
178
Anu of the same substance can combine with each other to produce ________ and ________.
dvyanuka; tryanuka
179
What is the dvyanuka and tryanuka known better as?
diatomic and triatomic molecules.
180
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Camera Obscura and the Pinhole Camera
Arabs
181
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Astrolabe
Arabs
182
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Heliocentric Planetary Model
Arabs
183
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Multiple Volumes of Medicine Encyclopedia
Arabs
184
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Pulmonary Circulation of the Blood
Arabs
185
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Algebra
Arabs
186
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Parachute
Arabs
187
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Hang-glider
Arabs
188
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Eyeglasses
Arabs
189
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Artificial Wing
Arabs
190
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Soft Drinks
Arabs
191
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Fine Glass
Arabs
192
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Modern Soap
Arabs
193
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Shampoo
Arabs
194
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Kerosene
Arabs
195
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Programmable Humanoid Robot
Arabs
196
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Paper-making
Chinese
197
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Row Crop Farming
Chinese
198
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Gunpowder
Chinese
199
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Movable Type Printing
Chinese
200
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Compass
Chinese
201
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Mechanical Clock
Chinese
202
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Tea Production
Chinese
203
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Silk
Chinese
204
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Umbrella
Chinese
205
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Acupuncture
Chinese
206
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Iron Smelting
Chinese
207
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Porcelain
Chinese
208
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Alcohol
Chinese
209
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Rocket
Chinese
210
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Bronze
Chinese
211
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Earthquake Detector
Chinese
212
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) The Seed Drill
Chinese
213
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Toothbrush
Chinese
214
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) KIte
Chinese
215
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Paper Money
Chinese
216
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Weighing Scale
Indians
217
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Ayurveda
Indians
218
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Ancient Flush Toilet Systems
Indians
219
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Ancient Dentistry
Indians
220
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Ruler
Indians
221
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Plastic Surgery
Indians
222
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Pythagorean Theorem
Indians
223
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Crucible Steel
Indians
224
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Cataract Surgery
Indians
225
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Spinning Wheel
Indians
226
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Earth's Orbit
Indians
227
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) The Idea of Zero
Indians
228
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) The Decimal System
Indians
229
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) The Numeral Notation
Indians
230
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Fibonacci Numbers
Indians
231
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Binary System
Indians
232
(Arabs/Chinese/Indians) Theory of the Atom
Indians
