Lesson 9: Steps for Data Collection

Question 1

What is traditionally studied (sites or individuals) in Narrative Research?

Answer 1

Single individual, accessible, and distinctive by their stories of experience

Question 2

What is traditionally studied (sites or individuals) in Phenomenology?

Answer 2

Multiple individuals who have experienced the phenomenon

Question 3

What is traditionally studied (sites or individuals) in Grounded Theory?

Answer 3

Multiple individuals who have responded to an action or participated in a process about a central phenomenon

Question 4

What is traditionally studied (sites or individuals) in Ethnography?

Answer 4

Members of a culture-sharing group or individuals representative of the group

Question 5

What is traditionally studied (sites or individuals) in a Case Study?

Answer 5

A bounded system, such as a process, an activity, an event, a program, or multiple individuals

Question 6

Which research traditionally studies single individual, accessible, and distinctive by their stories of experience?

Answer 6

Narrative Research

Question 7

Which research traditionally studies multiple individuals who have experienced the phenomenon?

Answer 7

Phenomenology

Question 8

Which research traditionally studies multiple individuals who have responded to an action or participated in a process about a central phenomenon?

Answer 8

Grounded Theory

Question 9

Which research traditionally studies members of a culture-sharing group or individuals representative of the group?

Answer 9

Ethnography

Question 10

Which research traditionally studies a bounded system, such as a process, an activity, an event, a program, or multiple individuals?

Answer 10

Case Study

Question 11

What are the typical access and rapport procedures (access and rapport) for Narrative Research?

Answer 11

Gaining permission from individuals obtaining access to information in archives.

Question 12

What are the typical access and rapport procedures (access and rapport) for Phenomenology?

Answer 12

Finding people who have experienced the phenomenon.

Question 13

What are the typical access and rapport procedures (access and rapport) for Grounded Theory?

Answer 13

Locating a homogenous sample.

Question 14

What are the typical access and rapport procedures (access and rapport) for Ethnography?

Answer 14

Gaining access through the gatekeeper, gaining the confidence of informants.

Question 15

What are the typical access and rapport procedures (access and rapport) for Case Study?

Answer 15

Gaining access through the gatekeeper, gaining the confidence of informants

Question 16

What is the study whose typical access and rapport procedures are gaining permission from individuals, obtaining access to information in archives?

Answer 16

Narrative Research.

Question 17

What is the study whose typical access and rapport procedures are finding people who have experienced the phenomenon?

Answer 17

Phenomenology

Question 18

What is the study whose typical access and rapport procedures are locating a homogeneous sample?

Answer 18

Grounded Theory

Question 19

What is the study whose typical access and rapport procedures are gaining access through the gatekeeper, gaining the confidence of informants?

Answer 19

Ethnography

Question 20

What is the study whose typical access and rapport procedures are gaining access through the gatekeeper, gaining the confidence of participants?

Answer 20

Case Study

Question 21

How does one select a site or individuals to study (purposeful sampling strategies) in a Narrative Research?

Answer 21

Several strategies, depending on the person (e.g., convenient, politically important, typical, a critical case)

Question 22

How does one select a site or individuals to study (purposeful sampling strategies) in Phenomenology?

Answer 22

Finding individuals who have experienced the phenomenon, a “criterion” sample

Question 23

How does one select a site or individuals to study (purposeful sampling strategies) in Grounded Theory?

Answer 23

Finding a homogeneous sample, a “theory-based” sample, a “theoretical” sample

Question 24

How does one select a site or individuals to study (purposeful sampling strategies) in Ethnography?

Answer 24

Finding a cultural group to which one is a “stranger,” a “representative” sample

Question 25

How does one select a site or individuals to study (purposeful sampling strategies) in a Case Study?

Answer 25

Finding a “case” or “cases,” an “atypical” case, or a “maximum variation” or “extreme” case

Question 26

What study has several strategies, depending on the person when it comes to the process of select a site or individuals to study?

Answer 26

Narrative Research

Question 27

What study finds individuals who have experienced the phenomenon, a "criterion" sample, when it comes to the process of select a site or individuals to study?

Answer 27

Phenomenology

Question 28

What study finds a cultural group to which one is a “stranger,” a “representative” sample when it comes to the process of select a site or individuals to study?

Answer 28

Ethnography

Question 29

What study finds a homogeneous sample, a “theory-based” sample, a “theoretical” sample when it comes to the process of select a site or individuals to study?

Answer 29

Grounded Theory

Question 30

What study finds a “case” or “cases,” an “atypical” case, or a “maximum variation” or “extreme” case when it comes to the process of select a site or individuals to study?

Answer 30

Case Study

Question 31

What type of information is typically collected (forms of data) in a Narrative Research?

Answer 31

Documents and archival material, open-ended interviews, subject journaling, participant observation, casual chatting, typically a single individual

Question 32

What type of information is typically collected (forms of data) in a Phenomenology?

Answer 32

Interviews with a range of people (e.g. 5 to 25)

Question 33

What type of information is typically collected (forms of data) in a Grounded Theory?

Answer 33

Primarily interviews with 20 to 30 people to achieve detail in the theory

Question 33

What type of information is typically collected (forms of data) in a Grounded Theory?

Answer 33

Primarily interviews with 20 to 30 people to achieve detail in the theory

Question 34

What type of information is typically collected (forms of data) in a Case Study?

Answer 34

Extensive forms, such as documents and records, interviews, observation, and physical artifacts for 1 to 4 cases

Question 35

What research approach typically collects documents and archival material, open-ended interviews, subject journaling, participant observation, casual chatting; typically a single individual?

Answer 35

Narrative Research

Question 36

What research approach typically collects interviews with a range of people (e.g., 5 to 25)?

Answer 36

Phenomenology

Question 37

What research approach typically collects primarily interviews with 20 to 30 people to achieve detail in the theory?

Answer 37

Grounded Theory

Question 38

What research approach typically collects participant observations, interviews, artifacts, and documents of a single culture- sharing group?

Answer 38

Ethnography

Question 39

How is information recorded in Narrative Research?

Answer 39

Notes, interview protocol

Question 40

How is information recorded in Phenomenology?

Answer 40

Interviews, often multiple interviews with the same individuals

Question 41

How is information recorded in Grounded Theory?

Answer 41

Interview protocol, field notes, memoing

Question 42

How is information recorded in Ethnography?

Answer 42

Field notes, interview and observational protocols

Question 43

How is information recorded in Case Study?

Answer 43

Field notes, interview and observational protocols

Question 44

What study records information through notes and interview protocols?

Answer 44

Narrative Research

Question 46

What study records information through interviews, often multiple interviews with the same individuals?

Answer 46

Phenomenology

Question 47

What study records information through Interview protocol, field notes, memoing?

Answer 47

Grounded Theory

Question 48

What study records information through field notes, interview and observational protocols?

Answer 48

Ethnography and Case Study

Question 49

What are common data collection issues (field issues) in Narrative Research?

Answer 49

Access to materials, authenticity of account and materials

Question 50

What are common data collection issues (field issues) in Phenomenology?

Answer 50

Bracketing one’s experiences, logistics of interviewing

Question 51

What are common data collection issues (field issues) in Grounded Theory?

Answer 51

Interviewing issues (e.g., logistics, openness)

Question 52

What are common data collection issues (field issues) Ethnography?

Answer 52

Field issues (e.g., reflexivity, reactivity, reciprocality, “going native,” divulging private information, deception)

Question 53

What are common data collection issues (field issues) Case Study?

Answer 53

Interviewing and observing issues

Question 54

What study has access to materials, authenticity of account and materials as common data collection issues?

Answer 54

Narrative Research

Question 55

What study has bracketing one's experiences and logistics of interviewing as common data collection issues?

Answer 55

Phenomenology?

Question 56

What study has interviewing issues (e.g. logistics, openness) as common data collection issues?

Answer 56

Grounded Theory

Question 57

What study has field issues (e.g. reflexivity, reactivity, reciprocality, “going native,” divulging private information, deception) as common data collection issues?

Answer 57

Ethnography

Question 58

What study has interviewing and observing issues as common data collection issues?

Answer 58

Case Study

Question 59

How is information typically stored in a Narrative Research?

Answer 59

File folders and digital files

Question 60

How is information typically stored in Grounded Theory and Phenomenology?

Answer 60

Transcriptions and digital files

Question 61

How is information typically stored in Ethnography and Case Study?

Answer 61

Field notes, transcriptions, and digital files

Question 62

What research is it when the information is typically stored in mainly file folders and digital files?

Answer 62

Narrative Research

Question 63

What research studies are it when the information is typically stored in mainly transcriptions and digital files?

Answer 63

Grounded Theory and Phenomenology

Question 64

What research is it when the information is typically stored in mainly file folders, transcriptions, and digital files?

Answer 64

Ethnography and Case Study

Question 65

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers create and organize data files?

Answer 65

Managing and organizing the data

Question 66

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers read through text, make margin notes, and form initial codes?

Answer 66

Reading and memoing emergent ideas

Question 67

How do researchers manage and organize data in all qualitative research approaches?

Answer 67

By creating and organizing data files.

Question 68

How do researchers read and memo emergent ideas in all qualitative research approaches?

Answer 68

Read through text, make margin notes, and form initial codes.

Question 69

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers describe the patterns across the objective set of experiences?

Answer 69

Describing and classifying codes into themes

Question 70

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers identify and describe the stories into a chronology?

Answer 70

Describing and classifying codes into themes

Question 71

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers describe personal experiences through epoche?

Answer 71

Describing and classifying codes into themes

Question 72

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers describe the essence of the phenomenon?

Answer 72

Describing and classifying codes into themes

Question 73

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers describe open coding categories?

Answer 73

Describing and classifying codes into themes

Question 74

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers select one open coding category to build toward central phenomenon in process?

Answer 74

Describing and classifying codes into themes

Question 75

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers describe the social setting, actors, and events; draw a picture of the setting?

Answer 75

Describing and classifying codes into themes

Question 76

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers describe the case and its context?

Answer 76

Describing and classifying codes into themes

Question 77

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers locate epiphanies within stories?

Answer 77

Developing and assessing interpretations

Question 78

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers identify contextual materials?

Answer 78

Developing and assessing interpretations

Question 79

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers group statements into meaning units?

Answer 79

Developing and assessing interpretations

Question 80

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers engage in axial coding—causal condition, context, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences?

Answer 80

Developing and assessing interpretations

Question 81

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers analyze data for themes and patterned regularities?

Answer 81

Developing and assessing interpretations

Question 82

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers use categorical aggregation to establish themes or patterns?

Answer 82

Developing and assessing interpretations

Question 83

How do researchers describe and classify codes into themes when it comes to a Narrative Research?

Answer 83

Describe the patterns across the objective set of experiences; Identify and describe the stories into a chronology

Question 84

How do researchers describe and classify codes into themes when it comes to a Phenomenology?

Answer 84

Describe personal experiences through epoche; Describe the essence of the phenomenon

Question 85

How do researchers describe and classify codes into themes when it comes to a Grounded Theory?

Answer 85

Describe open coding categories; Select one open coding category to build toward central phenomenon in process.

Question 86

How do researchers describe and classify codes into themes when it comes to a Ethnography?

Answer 86

Describe the social setting, actors, and events; draw a picture of the setting.

Question 87

How do researchers describe and classify codes into themes when it comes to a Case Study?

Answer 87

Describe the case and its context.

Question 88

How do researchers develop and assess interpretations in a Narrative Research?

Answer 88

Locate epiphanies within stories; identify contextual materials

Question 89

How do researchers develop and assess interpretations in a Phenomenology?

Answer 89

Develop significant statements; group statements into meaning units.

Question 90

How do researchers develop and assess interpretations in a Grounded Theory?

Answer 90

Engage in axial coding—causal condition, context, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences; develop the theory

Question 91

How do researchers develop and assess interpretations in a Ethnography?

Answer 91

Analyze data for themes and patterned regularities.

Question 92

How do researchers develop and assess interpretations in a Case Study?

Answer 92

Use categorical aggregation to establish themes or patterns

Question 93

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers restory and interpret the larger meaning of the story?

Answer 93

Representing and visualizing the data

Question 94

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers develop a textural description—“what happened"; a structural description—“how the phenomenon was experienced"; and the "essence,” using a composite description?

Answer 94

Representing and visualizing the data

Question 95

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers engage in selective coding and interrelate the categories to develop a “story” or propositions or matrix?

Answer 95

Representing and visualizing the data

Question 96

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers interpret and make sense of the findings— how the culture “works"?

Answer 96

Representing and visualizing the data

Question 97

What part of Data Analysis and Presentation is it when the researchers use direct interpretation; and develop naturalistic generalizations of what was “learned"?

Answer 97

Representing and visualizing the data

Question 98

How do researchers represent and visualize the data in a Narrative Research?

Answer 98

Restory and interpret the larger meaning of the story.

Question 99

How do researchers represent and visualize the data in a Phenomenology?

Answer 99

Develop a textural description—“what happened.”; Develop a structural description—“how the phenomenon was experienced.”; Develop the “essence,” using a composite description.

Question 100

How do researchers represent and visualize the data in a Grounded Theory?

Answer 100

Engage in selective coding and interrelate the categories to develop a “story” or propositions or matrix.

Question 101

How do researchers represent and visualize the data in an Ethnography?

Answer 101

Interpret and make sense of the findings— how the culture “works.”

Question 102

How do researchers represent and visualize the data in a Case Study?

Answer 102

Use direct interpretation; Develop naturalistic generalizations of what was “learned.”